Gov final
The collection of all forms of media that communicate information to the general public is called _____ _____, including television, print, radio, and Internet
mass media
The media engages in ______ _______, which is the act of choosing which issues or topics deserve public discussion
agenda setting
The publication of the Federalist Papers, as well as the Anti-Federalist Papers, in the 1780s, moved the nation into the _____ _____ era, in which partisanship and political party loyalty dominated the choice of editorial content.
party press
With the arrival of the Progressive Era, the media began __________ : the writing and publishing of news coverage that exposed corrupt business and government practices.
muckraking
The rise of free news blogs, such as the Huffington Post, have made it difficult for newspapers to force readers to purchase online subscriptions to access material they place behind a ______ ______.
digital paywall
Before ________, few voters were able to see a president or candidate speak or answer questions in an interview.
television
In 1976, President Gerald Ford, who was behind in the polls, invited ______ ______ to debate, and televised debates became a regular part of future presidential campaigns.
Jimmy Carter
______ ________ occurs when citizens use their personal recording devices and cell phones to capture events and post them on the Internet.
Citizen journalism
In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that while the government can impose _____ _______ on the media, meaning the government can prevent the publication of information, that right is very limited.
prior restraint
Laws that mandate federal and many state government proceedings and meeting documents be made available to the public are called ________ _____.
sunshine laws
_______ ______ are groups of people with similar interests who work together to create and implement policies.
Political parties
Growing regional tensions eroded the ________ Party’s ability to coordinate elites, and it eventually collapsed following its opposition to the War of 1812.
Federalist
During the 1820s through the 1850s, the Democratic Party emphasized _______ _______, which focused on building direct relationships with voters rather than on promoting specific issues.
personal politics
In 1892, a third party known as the ________ Party formed in reaction to what its constituents perceived as the domination of U.S. society by big business and a decline in the power of farmers and rural communities.
Populist
The ____-_____ system came into being because the structure of U.S. elections, with one seat tied to a geographic district, tends to lead to dominance by two major political parties.
two-party
________ ______, commonly referred to as first-past-the-post, is based on the principle that the individual candidate with the most votes wins, whether or not he or she gains a majority (51 percent or greater) of the total votes cast.
Plurality voting
Under the model of ___________ __________, legislative seats are allocated to competing parties based on the total share of votes they receive in the election.
proportional representation
The 1932 election, between Hoover and FDR is considered an example of a ________ _______, one that represents a sudden, clear, and long-term shift in voter allegiances.
critical election
_____ ________ make up the majority of the voting public.
Party identifiers
______ _________ occurs when one or more houses of the legislature are controlled by the party in opposition to the executive.
Divided government
Article I of the Constitution specifies that the U.S. House of Representatives members must be at least ____ years old to serve.
25
The term of office for a U.S. senator is ___ years.
6
Congress is a ________ _________ with ____ members.
bicameral legislature; 535
A ________ allows members of the Senate to prevent a vote on proposed legislation by speaking continuously on the floor.
filibuster
The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called _________.
apportionment
______ _______ is the current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Kevin McCarthy
________ _______ is the current majority leader of the U.S. Senate.
Charles Schumer
The jurisdiction of _______ committees is defined by the subject matter of legislation.
standing
A senator or representative running for re-election is called the _________
incumbent
A proposed piece of legislation is called a _____.
bill
The ___ _______ _________ Act of 1973 asserts that the president can send American troops into action abroad only in the event of a declaration of war or other statutory authorization by Congress.
War Powers Resolution
Many presidents have made use of ________ ________ in foreign affairs, in order to around the need for Senate approval of treaties.
executive agreements
An _________ ______ is a rule or regulation issued unilaterally by the president, with the status of a law
executive order
The ________ is the informal designation for the heads of the major federal government departments.
cabinet
After the president, vice president and Speaker of the House, the ________ ___ _____ of the ______ is the next in line in presidential succession.
president pro tempore; Senate
A _______ _______ is an announcement the president makes about his interpretation of a congressional enactment he is signing into law.
signing statement
The president’s State of the Union address is mandated by the ___________.
Constitution
The turning point in American politics toward a president-centered government came during the administration of _________ _________.
Franklin Roosevelt
Richard Nixon claimed _________ ________ when he refused to turn over secret White House tapes to congressional investigators.
executive privilege
Use of the presidential ____ varies considerably across presidential administrations, and they are not often overridden.
veto
_________ _______ ____ is the only person to have served both as president and as a justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
William Howard Taft
A confrontational legal system under which each party presents its version of events is referred to as a(n) ________ ________.
adversarial system
_______ ___ of the U.S. Constitution establishes the judicial branch of government.
Article III
According to the U.S. Constitution, the _______ has the authority to create lower courts.
Congress
The lawful authority of a court to hear a case is referred to as its _________.
jurisdiction
The equal protection clause is found in the __________ __________ of the U.S. Constitution.
Fourteenth Amendment
________ ______is the power of courts to declare actions of Congress, the president, or state officials unconstitutional, and therefore void.
Judicial review
In Federalist no.78, _________ _______ described the judiciary as “the least dangerous branch” because it has no power over the sword or the purse.
Alexander Hamilton
The U.S. Supreme Court granted itself the power of judicial review in the case of _______ _ _______.
Marbury v. Madison
____ ___ served as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
John Jay
_______ ______ nominated Sandra Day O’Connor, to be the first woman justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Ronald Reagan
The _________ Party dominated Georgia politics from 1872-2002
Democratic
_____ _______ was Georgia’s first Republican governor, elected in 1868.
Rufus Bullock
_____ _______ is the current President Pro Tempore of the Georgia State Senate.
Butch Miller
____ ___________ is the current Georgia Secretary of State.
Brad Raffensperger
____ _____ is the current Georgia Lt. Governor and President of the State Senate.
Burt Jones
The Georgia ______ __ _______ has 15 judges who are elected in non-partisan campaigns.
Court of Appeals
Georgia's _______ courts have jurisdiction over most cases involving inheritances and estate distributions, as well as other property and real estate transactions between multiple parties.
probate
The Georgia __________ commissioner is responsible for gas quality.
agriculture
beat
the coverage area assigned to journalists for news or stories
cultivation theory
the idea that media affect a citizen’s worldview through the information presented
equal-time rule
an FCC policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and television airtime opportunities
fairness doctrine
a 1949 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy, now defunct, that required holders of broadcast licenses to cover controversial issues in a balanced manner
framing
the process of giving a news story a specific context or background
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
a federal statute that requires public agencies to provide certain types of information requested by citizens
hypodermic theory
the idea that information is placed in a citizen’s brain and accepted
indecency regulations
laws that limit indecent and obscene material on public airwaves
libel
printed information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization
minimal effects theory
the idea that the media have little effect on citizens
priming
the process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way
public relations
biased communication intended to improve the image of people, companies, or organizations
reporter’s privilege
the right of a journalist to keep a source confidential
slander
spoken information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization
soft news
news presented in an entertaining style
yellow journalism
sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories
bipartisanship
a process of cooperation through compromise
gerrymandering
the manipulation of legislative districts in an attempt to favor a particular candidate
majoritarian voting
a type of election in which the winning candidate must receive at least 50 percent of the votes, even if a run-off election is required
majority party
the legislative party with over half the seats in a legislative body, and thus significant power to control the agenda
minority party
the legislative party with less than half the seats in a legislative body
moderate
an individual who falls in the middle of the ideological spectrum
party identifiers
individuals who represent themselves in public as being part of a party
party organization
the formal structure of the political party and the active members responsible for coordinating party behavior and supporting party candidates
party platform
the collection of a party’s positions on issues it considers politically important
party polarization
the shift of party positions from moderate towards ideological extremes
party realignment
a shifting of party alliances within the electorate
party-in-government
party identifiers who have been elected to office and are responsible for fulfilling the party’s promises
party-in-the-electorate
members of the voting public who consider themselves part of a political party or who consistently prefer the candidates of one party over the other
political machine
an organization that secures votes for a party’s candidates or supports the party in other ways, usually in exchange for political favors such as a job in government
precinct
the lowest level of party organization, usually organized around neighborhoods
reapportionment
the reallocation of House seats between the states to account for population changes
redistricting
the redrawing of electoral maps
safe seat
a district drawn so members of a party can be assured of winning by a comfortable margin
sorting
the process in which voters change party allegiances in response to shifts in party position
third parties
political parties formed as an alternative to the Republican and Democratic parties, also known as minor parties
cloture
a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion
collective representation
the relationship between Congress and the United States as a whole, and whether the institution itself represents the American people
conference committee
a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results
constituency
the body of voters, or constituents, represented by a particular politician
delegate model of representation
a model of representation in which representatives feel compelled to act on the specific stated wishes of their constituents