science exam
what are the names of Earths 4 spheres and what do they contain in them?
ATMOSPHERE- a blanket of air surrounding the earth (made up of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen)
BIOSPHERE- all living things and organic matter
HYDROSPHERE- all the water on the planet (made up of 3% fresh water and 75% frozen)
LITHOSPHERE- the solid part of the earth ( the crust, mantle, core and inner core)
what is the water cycle?
the water from the ocean evaporates which turns into condensation in the sky (clouds) which then turns into precipitation (rain) and runs of the surface back into the ocean
what is the carbon cycle?
the carbon cycle moves carbon between living and non-living things
what is the nitrogen cycle?
a biochemical process where nitrogen is converted into many forms, passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere
what is the phosphorus cycle?
the biochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water and living and dead organic materials
what is the oxygen cycle?
the oxygen in the atmosphere get breathed in by animals which then release carbon dioxide then plants use that to make oxygen using photosynthesis
what is weather?
the day to day changes in the atmosphere (eg. temperature)
what is climate?
the pattern of whether over many years
what are 3 impacts that humans have on the environment?
- water pollution
- air pollution
- climate change
what do greenhouse gases do?
they absorb and emit long-wave radiation therapy functioning to trap heat within the earths atmosphere
what are 3 man-made gases?
- carbon dioxide
- methane
- nitrogen oxides
what is the southern oscillation?
a sequence of changes to the way the atmosphere and water circulate across the Pacific ocean and indonesian islands
what is El Nino?
the warm phase of the southern oscillation, it's associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific
what is La Nina
the cooling phase of southern oscillation in the equatorial pacific which occurs in irregular intervals
what is the Indian ocean dipole?
it is the cycle of change in water tempurature between the eastern and western areas of the Indian ocean
what are 4 pieces of evidence of climate change?
- glaciers
- ice cores
- pollen analysis
- sea level change
what is an evidence, cause and effect of climate change?
EVIDENCE- earths climate is warming at a rate not seen in the past 10,000 years
CAUSE- key greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane
EFFECT- loss of sea ice, melting glaciers and ice sheets, sea levels rising and more intense heat waves
what are some things that effect weather?
- altitude
- latitude
- wind
- distance from ocean
what are some things that effect ocean currents?
- wind
- tides
- tempurature
- density
- salinity
- sun
- gravity
- earths rotation
what are some differences between El Nino and La Nina?
- El Nino has warmer ocean temperatures then La Nina
- El Nino has wet summers and La Nina has dry summers
- El Nino is the warm phase and La Nina is the cool phase
what is cosmology the study of?
the study of the entire universe, its origin and future
what is the Big Bang Theory and what did Edwin Hubble do?
it is a theory that describes how the universe expanded from its initial state of high density and temperature. Edwin Hubbles law allowed astronomers to calculate how long ago galaxies started to move apart, therefore providing an estimate of when the big bang occured
what is red shift?
it is when the wavelengths of light rays are moving away from us making the light appear redder in colour
what is blue shift?
it is when the wavelength of light is moving towards us giving it a blue hue
the creation of the universe (big bang theory)
13.7 billion years ago the universe was compressed into singularity (a place with no volume and infinite density) and at the moment of the big bang the universe started to expand, cool and become less dense (the universe is still expanding to this day)
what are the 3 main types of galaxies?
- spiral galaxies
. spiral disk
- elliptical galaxies
. oval shaped + 3D
- irregular galaxies
. irregularly shaped
what is Newtons 1st law?
the law of inertia, states that an object in its current state of motion will remain in its current state of motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
whar is Newtons 2nd law?
the law of acceleration (F= ma), states that a larger net force acting upon an object causes a larger acceleration and objects with a greater mass require more force to accelerate
what is Newtons 3rd law?
the the of conservation of momentum, which states that every action has an equal or oppisite reaction unless acted upon by an external force