Clinical Chemistry
Involves the measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of a speciic ions
Electochemistry
principe in determining pH,, pCO2 NA, Ca, K ammmonia
Potentiometry
Principle in determining PpO2 cark electrode. glucose and peroxidase
amperometry
Anodic Stripping voltametry for leas and iron
Voltametry
Separation Of complex mixture on the basis of differential in physical attraction
Chromatography
This uses pressure for faster separation
HPLC
sample are first volatilized and then ionied toform charged molecular ions sepearated based on their mass to charge ratio
Mass Spectophotometry
what is the meaning of laser
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
this causes desorption and ionization of both the matrix and the sample
Laser pulse
only automation that can offer random access and stat capabilities.
Discrete analyzer
The air bubbe minimmized diffusion of reagent and mixing between samples, preserving inegrity of each individual reaction.
Coninouos flow analysis
Sample and reagent are placed iin a roto, combined to form aproduct.
centrifugal analysis
This is specificallly ordered stt sample can be carried out by momentarily interrupting the normal sequence
Random Access Analysis
all samples are loaded at the same timeand single test is conducted on each sample
batch testing
mmore than one test is analyzed at the same time on a givven clinical specimen
Parallel testing
Multiple test analyzed one after the other.
Sequential testing
Process by which lab ennsures quality results
Quality Assurance
this is part of analytical phase of quality assurance; process of monitoring result from control sample to verify accuracy of patient
Quality control
this is an approach focusiing on process improvement as a mean to meet a standard
Quality management
nearness and closeness of assaed values to the true value
accuracy
nearness or closeness of assayed value to each other
Precision
abili to maintain accurcy and precsion over an extended period of time
Reliability
Degree by which a method is easyly repeated
Practicability
abilityy to measure even the smallest concentration of the analyt of interest
Analitycal sensitivity
measure analyte of interest
Analytical specificity
TP/ (TP+FN)x 100
Diagnostic sensitivity
coontrol values incrreasing or decreasing for six consecutive run: main cause. Degenerating reagent
Trend
Six consecutive control values on the same side of the mean: improperly calibratetd instrument
Shift
this error is due to chance an doesnt recur in regular pattern
Random error
Error that influence all observvation consistently in one direction, reccurring inherent in the test procedure
Systematic error
schedule of maintenance to keep equipment in peak operating conndition. must be documented and follow manufacturers specification and frequencyy
Preventative maintenance
eliminate variation reduced error
six sigma
ask questio if the process do really need to exist
Lean
metabolism of glucose molecule to. pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
glycolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
glycogenesis
conversion of carbs to fatty acid
lipogenesys
breakdown of fatty acids to ketone bodies
lipolysis
marker of endogenous insulin production
C peptide
Increased gluconeogenesi, decreased glucose uptake and utilization by extrahepatic tissue
Cortisol/ glucocorticoids
stimlate glycogenlysis
cathecolamines
increased glucose absorption in small intestine
Thyroid hormone
inhibit glycolysis and glucose transport
growth hormone
Diagnostic for DM
Random Plasma glucose of?
Fasting plasma glucose of?
Two H--plasma glucose after 75g load
RPG: >2000ml/dl or >11.1mmmol/L+ sign of DM
FPG: >126ml/dl or 7mmol/L
THPG:>200 m/dl or 11.1 mmol/L