Chapter 14 Brain
Reticular Formation
helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals, and is responsible for maintaining conciousness and awakening from sleep
netlike arrangment of gray and white matter that extend from superior spinal cord to the inferior diencephlan
Reticular Formation
Substantia Nigra
darkly pigmented nuclei areas that release dopamine which helps control subconscious activity
located in the midbrain
Substantia Nigra
Choroid Plexus
network of capillaries in the walls of ventricles that produce CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
produced by the ependymal cells of the ventricles
Brainstem
lies between the spinal cord adn diencephalon
Medulla oblongata, Pons, Midbrain
Brainstem
control automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Brainstem
provides pathways for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Brainstem
Pons
a bridges that connects parts of the brain with each other
contains pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic and apneustic areas) which helps control breathing along with medullary respiratory group
Pons
Pyramids
formed by corticospinal tracts that control voluntrary movements of trunk and limbs
bulges of white matter on the anterior medulla oblongata
Pyramids
Decussation of pyramids
where the right and left tracts cross above where the spinal cord and medulla meet
Inferior Olivary nucleus
instructs the cerebellum to make adjustments to muscle activity as new motor skills are learned
receives input from cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and midbrain and sends info to the cerebellum to regulate the neuronal activity of cerebullar neurons
Inferior Olivary nucleus
Cerebral hemispheres
2 hemispheres-each contain 3 lobes; anterior, posterior and flocculonodular
Anterior and Posterior lobes of Cerebral hemisphere
coordinates body movements
Flocculonodular lobe
adjust posture for balance
Cerebellum function
coordination of skeletal muscle contraction and in maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance
Hypothalmus
major regulators of homeostasis, control of ANS, production of hormones, control of body temp, control secretions of hormones from anterior portion of pituitray gland
regulation of emotional/behavioral patterns, eating/drinking, and circadian rhythm
Hypothalmus
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin and helps regulate circadian rhythm
Corpus Callosum
broad band of white matter that connect the cerebral hemisphere
Longitudinal Fissure
divides the cerebrum into right and left halves
Association Tracts
conduct impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere
"emotional brain"
Limbic System
Limbic System
primary role in promoting arrange of emotions
Amygdala (limbic system)
deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
Cingulate gyrus
plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict
Hippocampus (limbic system)
memory function
Mamillary bodies (limbic system)
relay station for olfactory pathways
"seat of intelligence"
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
provides the ability to read, write, speak, make calcaulations, compose music, remember the past, plan for the future, and imagine thing that never existed
Thalamus
transmits info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to the primary motor area of the cerebrum
relays nerve impulses between different areas of the cerebrum and involved in the maintenance of consciousness
Thalamus
major relay stations for all sensory impulses except for smell
Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex
forms the rim the cerebrum
Gyri
folds of gray matter; cerebral cortex
Sulci
shallow grroves between the fold; cerebral cortex
Fissures (cerebral cortex)
deeper grooves between the folds
Basal Nuclei
regulate initiation and termination of movement and suppress unwanted movements
control subconscious skeletal muscle contraction
Basal nuclei
regulate muscle tone for specific movements
Basal nuclei
Hemispheric Lateralization
each hemisphere specializing in performing certain unique fuctions
Optic II, Oculator III, Trochlear, Abducens VI
Cranial nerves involved in eye functions
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
only cranial nerve that serves structures below the head and neck
Cerebrovascular accident
caused when circulation to brain is blocked and tissue dies
Facial IIV, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
Cranial nerve involve with taste