Chapter 1- Organization of the body
Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps even coloration.
Physiology
Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
Give an example of physiology
The physiology of red blood cells, for example, includes what the cells do, and how they do it, and how this is related to the functioning of the rest of the body.
How is physiology related to anatomy?
physiology is directly related to anatomy. For example, red blood cells contain the mineral iron in molecules of protein called hemoglobin. This is an aspect of their anatomy. The presence of iron enables the red blood cells to carry oxygen which is their function. All cells in the body must receive oxygen in order to function properly, so the physiology of red blood cells is essential to the physiology of the body as a whole.
Pathophysiology
The study of disorders of functioning, and knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand.
Name the levels of organization of the body.
Chemicals
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
What is a cell?
The smallest living units of structure and function ourselves. The human body consist of more than 200 different types of cells. Each type of cell is made of chemicals and carries out specific chemical reactions.
What is Tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function.
what are the four groups of tissues?
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nerve tissues
What is an epithelial tissue and an example?
epithelial, tissues, cover, or line, body services, summer capable of producing secretions with specific functions. The outer layer of the skin and sweat glands are examples of epithelial tissue.
What are connective tissues and an example?
connective, tissues, connect, and support parts of the body. Some transport and store materials. Blood bone cartilage are all examples of this group.
What are muscle tissues and examples of them?
Muscle tissues are specialized for contraction, which brings about movement. Our skeletal muscles and the heart are examples of muscle tissue.
What are nerve tissues and what is an example of them?
Nerve tissues are specialized to generate and transmit electro chemical impulses that regulate body functions. The brain brain and optic nerves are example of nerve tissues.
What are organs?
an organ is a group of tissues, precisely arranged, so as to accomplish specific functions.
what are some examples of organs?
examples of organs are the kidneys, individual bones, the liver, the lungs, and the stomach.
What is the organ system?
an organ system is a group of organs that all contribute to a particular function.
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
What is the function of the integumentary system? List organs.
Protect the body by serving as a barrier to pathogens and chemicals. Also prevents excessive water loss. The organs involved are the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
what are the functions of the skeletal system. Name the organs.
The skeletal system supports the body, protects, internal organs, and red bone marrow. Also provides a framework to be moved by muscles. Examples of these organs are bones and ligaments.
what is the function of the muscular system and name the organs involved?
The muscular system moves the skeleton or other body parts and produces heat. The organs include muscles and tendons.
what is the function of the nervous system and name the organs involved?
The function of the nervous system is to interpret sensory information and decide how to use it. Our nervous system, regulates, body functions, such as movement, by means of electro chemical impulses. Example of these organs are brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, and ears.
what is the function of the endocrine system name the organs involved?
The endocrine system, regulates, body functions, such as growth and reproduction, by means of hormones. Also regulates, day-to-day metabolism by means of hormones. Examples of the organs are thyroid, gland, pituitary, gland, ovaries, or testes and pancreas.
what is the function of the circulatory system name organs involved?
The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue and remove waste products. The heart, blood, arteries and veins are all examples of the organs judgment.
what is the function of the lymphatic system and organs involved?
The lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the blood and destroys pathogens that enter the body and provide immunity. The organs involved are spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland.
what is the function of the respiratory system and organs involved?
The respiratory system exchanges, oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and the blood. The organs involved are lungs, trachea, larynx, and diaphragm.
what is the function of the digestive system and the organs involved?
The digestive system changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used in the body. The organs involved are the stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas.
what is the function of the urinary system and what are the organs involved?
The urinary system removes waste products from the blood and regulates, volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid. The organ involved are the kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra.
what is the function of the reproductive system and what are the organs involved?
The reproductive system produces eggs or sperm. In women, the reproductive system provides a site for developing an embryo/fetus. The female organs involved are ovaries and uterus. The male organs involved are testes and prostate gland.
what is a Microbiome?
A micro biome is an enormous population of bacteria and other microorganisms collectively called our microbiota.
Metabolism
metabolism is a collective noun. It is all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body. Metabolism includes growing, repairing reacting and reproducing. It is all characteristics of life.
Metabolic Rate
metabolic rate is most often used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat or, put another way, energy production per unit of time, such as 24 hours.
Homeostasis
A person who is in good health, maybe said to be an estate of homeostasis. Good health is a product of normal metabolism, and homeostasis reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable, metabolism, and to function normally despite many constant changes.
Name the 5 body cavities.
cranial
spinal
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
what is meninges?
The membranes that line the cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord.
What organs are in the Thoratic cavity?
heart and lungs
What are pleural membranes?
they are the membranes of the thoracic cavity. They are a serous membrane. The parietal pleura lines the chest wall and the visceral pleura covers the lungs.
What are pericardial membranes?
The heart serous membrane that lines the fibrous pericardial sac. the visceral pericardium cober thebheart muscle.
What organs are in the abdominal cavity?
Liver, stomach and intestines.
what are the membranes in the abdominal cavity?
The peritoneum is the membrane, that lines, the entire abdominal wall, and the mesentery is the continuation of the membrane, folded Around and covering the outer surfaces of the abdominal organs.
What are the organs in the pelvis cabity?
Urinary bladder and reproductive organs, such as the uterus in women and the prostate gland in men.
Planes and sections
cutting The body, or an organ in a specific way.
frontal or coronal section
separates front to back
sagittal sections
separates right and left parts
transverse sections
spearates upper and lower
cross sections
A section perpendicular to the long axis
longitudinal section
A section along the long axis
Types of imaging techlologies
Computed tomography (CT) scanning
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emmission tomography (PET)
Functional Magnetic resonance imaging
what is a CT scan?
computed tomography scanning uses a narrowly focused x-ray beam that circles rapidly around the body. A detector, then measures how much radiation passes through different tissues, and a computer constructs an image of a thin slice through the body.
what is a MRI?
magnetic residence imaging is especially useful for visualization, soft tissues, including the brain, spinal cord and individual nerves. The patient is placed inside a strong, magnetic field, and the bodies tissues are pulse with radio waves.
what is PET?
positron, emission, demography scanning creates images that depicts the rates of physiological process, such as blood flow, oxygen usage, or glucose metabolism. depixted by colors.
what is fMRI?
functional magnetic resonance, imaging is similar to a PET scan, and that a portrays activity within the brain. And FMRI, depict, blood flow, and colors to make the graduations of flow distinct more like a video than a photograph.