Cellular respiration 🧭
What is the main substrate of cellular respiration?
Glucose
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
What is this process?
Aerobic respiration
After vigorous exercise, the blood will have excess amounts of substance X. What is substance X ?
Lactic acid
What are the products of the breakdown of glucose during lactic acid fermentation in bacteria?
Lactic acid
Where does fermentation take place in a cell ?
Cytoplasm
How much energy is produced in alcohol fermentation?
210 kJ
Similarities between aerobic respiration and fermentation.
1. The breakdown process of ___ and its convertion to____.
2. The process begins in the ___.
3. Produces chemical energy in the form of___.
4. The process begins with ___when glucose is converted to ___.
-glucose, chemical energy
-cytoplasm
-ATP
-glycolysis, pyruvate
Process of yeast fermentation:
Glucose ---> P + Q + Energy
What is P and Q ?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
Yeast fermentation:
Glucose (X)---> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (210kJ)
What is X ?
Zymase
What causes oxygen debt to occur?
Oxygen demand exceeding oxygen supply
What does the buildup of lactic acid cause to the body?
Fatigue
Individual P has just completed a 400 metres track event. His leg muscles are painful due to muscle fatigue. Explain why.
-During ____fermentation, glucose breaks down ___into lactic acid.
-Accumulation of lactic acid causes ___and___.
-lactic acid, partially
-muscular fatigue, cramps
After an athlete finished running a race, his breathing is still fast and deep for several minutes. Explain why.
-He needs to breathe in fast and deep in order to ___more oxygen.
-This is because during running, the rate of oxygen used by the___ exceeds the amount of oxygen supplied by the ___.
-The muscle are in a state of oxygen _____.
-This meas the muscle experiences ____.
-The muscles obtain extra energy in the form of ___through____ because oxygen is not available.
-The excess oxygen inhaled is used by the body to___the ___lactic acid into ___and___.
-When lactic acid has been removed, the oxygen debt is ___.
-inhale
-muscles, blood
-deficiency
-oxygen debt
-ATP, anaerobic respiration
-oxidise, accumulated, carbon dioxide, water
-paid off
Explain the changes in muscle glycogen concentration during running.
-The concentration of muscle glycogen ___.
-During running, ___is required by the muscle cells for___.
-Glucose is broken down to produce ___
-This causes the blood glucose level to ___below the normal level.
-____is secreted into the___.
-Muscle cells convert glycogen into___.
-decreases
-glucose, cellular respiration
-energy
-decrease
-Glucagon, bloodstream
-glucose
Explain why the concentration of lactic acid in muscle cells decreases after vigorous activity.
-___occurs.
-The athlete gasp heavily to___ more oxygen to ___lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
-Some lactic acid are oxidised to produce ___.
-Remaining lactic acid is converted to ___.
-Oxygen debt
-inhale, oxidise
-energy
-glucose
Explain why muscle cell has a large number of mitochondria.
-Mitochondria is a site for___ to generate ___in the form of ___.
-Muscle cell needs a lot of energy for___and___ of muscle.
-cellular respiration, energy, ATP
-contraction, relaxation
Explain why aerobic exercise can be sustained for a long period of time.
-Aerobic exercise uses energy released from ___.
-This is because it takes place in the presence of___.
-There is ___amount of glucose available to be broken down ___to release energy.
-The supply of oxygen is___to meet the oxygen___ during aerobic exercise.
-No___occurs.
-No___of lactic acid occurs.
-aerobic respiration
-oxygen
-sufficient, completely
-adequate, demand
-oxygen debt
-accumulation
What are the benefits of aerobic exercise?
-Improve lungs___.
-Breathing rate becomes faster and more deeply to___the uptake of oxygen for ___.
-To increase the blood flow to supply the____ with more___ and___.
-Increases____efficiency.
-To___the heart and increase the amount of ___pumped from the ___during each contraction of heart.
-Reduces the risk of____disease.
-Loss___.
-capacity
-increase, cellular respiration
-muscle cells, oxygen, nutrients
-cardiovascular
-strengthen, blood, ventricle
-cardiovascular
-weight
Mr X who is not used to exercise experienced muscle cramps when doing vigorous exercise. However, Mr Y who is a high-performance athlete does not face the problem. Explain why.
Mr X :
-Less___in muscle cells.
-Less uptake of ___.
-Less oxidation of ___.
-More lactic acid ___in the muscle cells.
Mr Y:
-More___in muscle cells.
-Faster uptake of ___.
-Faster oxidation of ___.
-Less lactic acid __in the muscle cells.
-Reduces muscle ___.
-mitochondria
-oxygen
-lactic acid
-accumulate
-fatigue