PAES 106
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
tillage action
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
tillage objective
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations
tillage requirement
tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips
broadcast tillage
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
deep tillage
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
earthmoving
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
land forming
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
land grading
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface
condition
land planing
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines
oriented tillage
tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil
rotary tillage
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control
soil cultivation
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
tillage
tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
primary tillage
tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create
specific soil surface configurations before seeding
secondary tillage
vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool
tillage depth
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or
maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during
the critical erosion period
conservation tillage
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area
conventional tillage
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed
minimum tillage
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue
is specifically left on or near the soil surface
mulch tillage
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions
optimum tillage
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage
precision tillage
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations
reduced tillage
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or
sprinkler applied water
reservoir tillage
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from
year to year in the same location
ridge tillage
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled
strip tillage
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or
artificial mulches
anchoring
tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration
bedding
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
bulldozing
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
chisel plowing
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements
(subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the
number of trips over a field
combined tillage operations
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting
harrowing
operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant
residues into the soil
incorporating
operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two
previous rows of plants
middlebreaking
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
off barring
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion
moldboard plowing
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation
residue processing
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement
subsoiling
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately
behind a tillage tool shank
vertical mulching
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil
general-purpose tillage implement
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow
plow-harrow
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as
row crop cultivator
rotary tiller
implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate
vertically
spiral plow
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to
bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer
primary tillage implement
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials
chisel plow
implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
disc plow
implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soi
moldboard plow
turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow
right-hand plow
turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow
left-hand plow
eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation
two-way plow
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers
subsoiler
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
secondary tillage implement
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
comb-tooth harrow
implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and
growth
disc harrow
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite
directions
single-action disc harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and
is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction
(usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions
double-action disc harrow
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor
offset disc harrow
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to
some form of primary tillage
field cultivator
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
packer
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the
soil surface
roller harrow
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
rotary hoe
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through
standing crop rows without crop damage
row crop cultivator
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil
spike-tooth harrow
implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or
by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation
cultivating tillage implement
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
continuous-tool bar cultivator
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants
separated gang cultivator
soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
bed shaper
soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil
blade
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
coulter
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar
pull
draft
operating width excluding overlap
effective operating width
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back
or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
edge clearance angle
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine
element
ground clearance
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
hitch
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of
the implement
implement width
implement used to insert materials into the soil
injector
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead
of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash
jointer
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected
upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel
lateral tool spacing
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
line of travel
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow
lister-planter
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon
a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
longitudinal tool spacing
single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
mechanical tillage implement
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
horizontal clearance
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such
as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
vertical clearance
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled
operating overlap
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function
operating width
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement
protected zone
soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant
adhesion
scouring
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
shank
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators,
grain drills, and soil scarifiers
shovel
horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion
side force
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
soil-additive incorporator
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such
as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
soil opener
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting
soil roller
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
soil-sliding path
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
soil-sliding path length
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path
soil-ascending angle
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
soil-sliding angle
configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the o
soil-tool geometry
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
soil-working surface
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soi
soil-working surface
draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section
specific draft
upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
standard
type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped
sweep
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
teeth
individual soil-working element
tillage tool
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to
the soil
complex tillage tools
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than
along the line of travel
dynamic tillage tools
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or
draft and electrical power
multi-powered tillage tools
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil
simple tillage tools
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element
tool clearance
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs
its intended function
tool-operating width
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the
soil surface and the direction of travel
orientation, tool
angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil
surface
lift angle
angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the
direction of travel
side angle
angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface
tilt angle
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool
tool overlap
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
tool-skip area
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion
tool width
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
vertical tool spacing
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
soil abrasion
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels
soil adhesion
act of reducing the specific volume of soil
soil compaction
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
soil cutting
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side
back furrow
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of
land after finishing of plowing
dead furrow
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice
furrow
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
furrow depth
peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow Crown
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrow slice
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
headland
unplowed soil
land
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
ridge height
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
root bed
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants
root zone
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
seedbed
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis (soil only, most common)
soil density