chapter-2
1. 1. Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
b. Systems thinking
2. refers to a problem -solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
d. Systems analysis
3. The symbolic perspective of an organization:
d. focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.
4. The perspective of an organization focuses on different groups’ roles and respon sibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
a. structural frame
5. The frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
b. human resources
6. The perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
a. political frame
7. Grey’s Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey’s have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to we ar dark business suits, in order to convey the company’s dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients’ through the salespeople’s clothing is part of the frame of the organization.
b. symbolic
8. In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines.Rizatti Corp can be said to have a organizational structure.
d. functional
9. In a organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.
a. project
10. In a organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.
c. matrix
11. Project managers have the most authority in a pure organizational structure.
b. project
12. Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure organizational structure.
a. functional
13. Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?
c. In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
14. refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
c. Organizational culture
15. The characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
c. people focus
16. refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession.
a. Member identity
17. refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other.
d. Unit integration
18. In organizational culture, people focus refers to .
c. the degree to which management ’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization
19. In organizational culture, means -end orientation refers to .
c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
20. refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.
b. Open -systems focus
21. In organizational culture, control refers to .
b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior
22. are an example of external stakeholders for an organization.
d. Competitors
23. A(n) refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
a. deliverable
24. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?
a. In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
25. The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred to as .
a. project feasibility
26. A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created.
c. concept
27. In the development phase of the project life cycle:
a. the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost
28. In the phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.
b. implementation
29. The model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.
b. waterfall life cycle
30. The model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.
d. incremental build life cycle
31. In the model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.
b. prototyping life cycle
32. The model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer -aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.
c. RAD life cycle
33. Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle?
b. A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated
34. Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams?
b. Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
35. Which of the following best describes outsourcing?
b. An organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source
36. Which of the following is true of virtual teams?
c. It is important to select team members carefully.
37. Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development?
a. In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.
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