Introduction to Psychology
this field uses objective evidence to reason about possible causes of a phenomenon
science
processing information.
mind
the outwardly observable acts of a person
behavior
events that involve the activity structure,properties of the organ itself
level of the brain
events that involve the function(mental processes) and content (mental content of the mind)
level of the person
knowledgeable,beliefs,desires,goals,and feelings
mental contents
sets of operations that work together to carry out a funtion,such as attention or memory
mental processes
events that involves relationship between people
level of the group
the field that relies on logic and speculation to understand the nature of reality, experience and values
philosophy
the field that studies the biological workings of the body,including the brain
physiology
the school of psychology that sought to IDENTIFY THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
structuralism
he claimed that all human knowledge arises from experience of the world
john locke
first organized school of thought in psychology
structuralism
what are the two types of elements of consciousness that based on wundt's research
sensations and feelings
he broadened structuralist approach to apply it tothe nature of concepts and thinking in general
edward titchener
the technique of observing your mental events as or immediatel they occur
introspection
the school of psychology that sought to understand how the mind helps individuals to adapt to the world around them
functionalism
this school of psychology is inspired by Charles Darwin's work
functionalism
he studied the ways in which being able to pay attention can help an individual survive and adapt to an environment; he is the founder of functionalism
william james
an approach to understanding mental events that focuses on the idea that the whole is more than the sum of it parts
gestalt psychology
a whole formed from individual parts
perceptual unit
the schoo of psychology that focuses on how specific stimulus evokes a specific response
behaviorism
the school of psychology that assumes people have positive values,free will,and deep inner creativity,the combination of which allow them to choose life-fulfilling paths to personal growth
humanistic psychology
school of psychology that emerged as a reaction to Freud and behaviorism
humanistic psychology
the approach in psychology that attempts to CHARACTERIZE THE MENTAL EVENTS THAT ALLOW information to be stored and operated on internally
cognitive psychology
The approach in psychology that blends cognitive psychology and neuroscience when attempting to specify how the brain gives rise to mental processes that store and process information
cognitive neuroscience
the approach in psychology that assumes that certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brains
evolutionary psychology
the type of psychologist who is trained to provide psychotherapy and to administer and interpret psychological test
clinical psychologist
the process of helping people learn to change so they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behavior
psychotherapy
the type of psychologist who is trained to help people with issues that naturally arises during the course of life
counseling psychologist
a physician with special training in treating mental disorders; can prescribe drugs
psychiatrist
a mental health professional who may use psychotherapy to help families or clients to use the social service systems in their communities
social worker
a nurse with a masters degree and a clinical is specialization in psychiatry nursing who provides psychotherapy and works with medical doctors to monitor and administer medication
psychiatric nurse
they studies thinking, memory
cognitive psychologist
studies how people think and feel about themselves and other people on how groups function
social psychologist
studies individual differences in preferences and inclinations
personality psychologist
psychology is who used the principles, findings and theories of psychology
applied psychologist
professional who works to improve products so that people can use them more intuitively and effectively
human factors psychologist
researches and teaches the development of mental contents, and processes, as well as behavior, with age and experience
developmental psychologist
they studies the brain and brain-body interactions
physiological psychologist
focuses on using psychology in the workplace
industrial/organizational psychologist
applies psychology to improve athlete performance
sports psychologist
applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, in social development of schoolchildren
school psychologist
a way to gather facts that will lead to the formulation and validation of a theory
the scientific method
tentative idea that might explain a set of observations
hypothesis
concept or principles that explain a set of research findings
theory
collected from real-world settings, observing events as they naturally occur
naturalistic observation
scientific studies that focus on a single participant, examining his or her psychological characteristics in detail
case studies
set of questions that people are asked about their beliefs, attitudes, preferences or activities
survey
relationship in which two variables are measured for each person group or entity
correlation
a number that ranges from -1.0 to 1.0 that indicates how closely interrelated two sets of measured variables are
correlation coefficient
correlation value that falls between 0 and 1.0
positive correlation
no relationship between two variables
no correlation
correlation value falls between 1.0 and 0
negative correlation
the aspect of the situation that is deliberately and independently buried while another aspect is measured
independent variable
the aspect of the situation that is measured as the values of an independent variable are changed
dependent variable
a group that receives the complete procedures that defines the experiment
experimental group
the technique of assigning participants randomly
randomly assignment
a part of the study in which participants receive the complete procedure that defines the experiment
experimental condition
a part of the study in which participants receive the same procedure as in the experiment condition. another words the same people are tested twice, once in each condition
control condition
includes independent and dependent variables and assess the effects of different values of the independent variable on the values of the dependent variable
quasi-experimental design
statistical technique that allows researchers to combine results from different studies on the same topic in order to discover whether there is a relationship among variables
meta-analysis
theories or statement that at first glands look like psychology but in fact superstition or unsupported opinion, not based in science
pseudopsychology
focus on the possible dangers and benefits of research on the brain
neuroethics
how the body reacts to the stimulus around
brain
what do you call the organizing and enterprising the sensory stimulus
perception
a desirable consequences that occurs after an individual respond to the stimulus in a particular way
reinforcement
tell it like it is
descriptive research
consistency; data are _____ if the same values are obtained when the measurements are repeated
reliability
a research method is ______ if it does in fact measure what it is supposed to measure
validity
when conscious or unconscious beliefs, expectations, or habits alter how participants in a study respond or affect how a researcher conducts a study, thereby influencing its outcome
bias
a tendency to respond in a particular way regardless of respondents actual knowledge or beliefs
response bias
a bias that occurs when the participants are not chosen at random but instead are chosen so that one attribute is over or underpresented
sampling bias
effects that occur when an investigators expectations leads him or her to treat participants in a way that encourage them to produce THE EXPECTED RESULTS
experimenter expectancy effect
to participant is blind to predictions of the study (and so experimenter expectancy effects cannot produce the predicted results)
double-design design
the requirement that a potential participant in a study be told what he or she will be asked to do and be advised of possible risk and benefits of the study before formally agreeing to take part
informed consent
interviewed after the study to ask about their experiences and explain why it was conducted
debriefed
observational research study focusing on one or a few people.
case study
observation of behavior in its natural setting
naturalistic observation
list of questions to be answered by research participants allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
survey
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationship
archival research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
cross-sectional research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
longitudinal research
where researchers and participants do not know which group receive the treatment and prevent experimenter bias and control for the placebo effect in the participants
double blind studies
responses which are publicly observable
overt or extrinsic
responses which cannot be directly observed
covert or intrinsic
is the act of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving
critical thinking
it is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited or acquired characteristic
nature vs nurture
is the mind part of the body or the body is part of the mind
mind-body problem
it revolves around the extent to which our behavior is the result of forces over which we have no control or whether people are able to decide for themselves
freewill vs determinism
it is fundamentally a step by step process that is used to determine if there is some type of relationship between two or some variables
the scientific method
research that is used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured
descriptive research
research that test weather or relationship exist between two or more variables
correlational research
research that test the hypothesis to determine cause and effect relationships
experimental research