chemistry 1 unit 2
properties of water
universal solvent
why does ice float
the crystal lattice formed when water freezes has bonds that push apart
this means the hydrogen bonds create space inbetween thus less dense
opposite of photosynthesis
cellular respiration which requires chlorphyll
does water have high or low shc and latent heat values
very high for both
shc formula
Q=mctriangleT
energy = mass x shc x change in temp
latent heat equation
q=nL
heat energy (kJ)=amount in mols x latent heat
what is a buffer and how
ocean as is lowers global temp due to high shc and this absorbs mych heat
impacts of temp increase of ocean
-rainfall pattern chang
-severe storms due to excess energy in water
-affects biodiversity/ecosystems
major greenhouse gasses
CH4
CO2
H2O
how does increase in CO2 increase ocean acidification
more CO2
CO2 dissolves into ocean
created weak acid carbonic acid
dissociates into bicarbtonaye ions and hudrogen ions
increase in H+
decrease in pH, more acidic
why is water so important
-major component of living systems
-essential for transportation of chemicals in organisms
-most biochemical reactions occur in aqueous solution (water)
-all organisms need
what is eutrophication
the explosive reproduction of phytoplankton, bluegreen algae or cynobacteria which occurs in still water, during sunny conditions in the presence of nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate
what is an acid under lowry/bronsted theory
a substance that donates a proton to another substance
what proton do acids be donating
H+ ion
what lattice acids
covalent (molecular)
what is a base under lowry bronsted theory
a substabce that can accept a proton
what does conjugate mean
the backwards reaction (reaction occurs forwards and backwards almost always)
example of conjugate reaction
HNO3(I)+H2O(I) <--> H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
what is a polyproptic acid
an acid that can donate more than one proton
monoprotic
can only donate one
diprotic
can donate 2 (takes much more energy for second bc weaker acid)
triprotic
can donate three protons
amphiprotic species
can bioth donate and accept a proton
such as H2O or H2PO4
what is the concentrated acid
when large amt of acid dissolved in given volume
dilute acid
small amt in given volume
how to find concentration
C=n/v
conc=amt of solute/volume of solution
Mol L-1 or M = mol/L
strength of acid
more easily donating protons
fully ionises in water
strength in base
accepts readily
fully dissociates in water
covalent lattice does what
ionise
ionic lattice does what
dissociates
what is pH
a logarithmic scale that ranks solutions from most acidic (more free H+ ions) to most basic
on 0-14 what is acidic
below 7
scale is only accurate (and thus equations also only accurate) at what temp
25 degrees cel ius
what do square brackets mean
concentration of whatever insidd
what does pH stand for
the partial concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+)
how to find pH using acid conc
-log(acid conc)
how to find pH using pOH
they add to 14
how to find acid conc using pH
10^-pH
how to find acid or base conc
(1x10^-14)/other conc
how to find pOH using conc of base
-log(conc base)
how to find conc base using pOH
10^-pOh
acid + metal is what
salt + hydrogen
acid + metal hydroxide is what
salt + water
acid + base is what
salt + water
acid + metal carbonate
salt + water + CO2