intro biochem
“The chemistry of life"
-study of the chemical processes occurring in living matter.
-study of the structures and properties of molecules in living organisms and how those molecules are made, changed, and broken down. By controlling information flow through
biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
biochemistry
-is the process in which matter from outside an organism is transformed into energy or material for the organism.
-is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms which allow it to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.
-is usually divided into two categories.
metabolism
that breaks down organic matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration (breakdown of substances).
catabolism
break the bonds of complex molecules. In the body, these reactions may be linked to enzyme catalysts allowing for storage of the released energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Polymers yields energy when they are converted to intermediates
Catabolic Reactions
that uses energy to construct components of cells (building up of substances)
anabolism
synthesize complex molecules from simpler molecules using ATP as an energy source. Simple molecules become polymers.
anabolic reactions
Metabolism is usually divided into two categories.
1. catabolism
2. anabolism
Energy from the sun is stored in _____ ______ bonds when CO2 and H2O are combined by ______________ to form organic molecules (carbohydrates) and Oxygen. Through cellular respiration, these organic molecules are converted to ____ which serves as the energy that drives all the reactions
necessary to maintain life on this planet. During this process, CO2 is produced which combines with H2O, and in the presence of the light energy of the sun, these are utilized in photosynthesis. This cycle is summarized in the following diagram:
-“high stored”
-photosynthesis
-ATP
ATP?
(adenosine triphosphate)
Energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
An ATP molecule is composed of a _____ _____ (______) attached to the ______ ______ (____). _____ _______ _____ are attached to the pentose sugar. The phosphate
groups are linked to one another by chemical bonds called _________ _____. The energy of ATP is locked in these bonds.
-purine base (adenine)
-pentose sugar (ribose)
-Three phosphate groups
-phosphate bonds
The energy in ATP can be released as heat or can be used in the cell as a power source to
drive various types of chemical and mechanical activities. For example, when the _____ _____ _____of the ___ _____ is removed by ______ (a decomposition process that occurs when a substance reacts with water), _____ _____ and ____ ______(___) and ______ ______(__) are formed.
-terminal phosphate group
-ATP molecule
-hydrolysis
-energy is released
-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
-inorganic phosphate (Pi)
The hydrolysis of ATP is accelerated by an enzyme called _______ _______, or _____.
adenosine triphosphatase or ATPase
are made up of small repeating basic unit or building blocks known as monomers)
polymers
Polymers are made up of small repeating basic unit or building blocks known as ________
monomers
are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that
maintains the cell shape. Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid
cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress.
proteins
Proteins are made of _____ _____ arranged in a linear chain joined together by _____ ____.
-amino acids
-peptide bonds
are the most diverse group of biochemicals. Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane, or as a source of energy. Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic
solvents such as benzene or chloroform. The fats are a large group of compounds that contain fatty acids and glycerol; a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid esters is called a
triacylglyceride. Several variations on this basic structure exist, including alternate backbones such as sphingosine in the sphingolipids, and hydrophilic groups such as phosphate as in phospholipids. Steroids such as cholesterol are another major class of lipids.
lipids
The fats are a large group of compounds that contain ____
____ and ______.
fatty acids and glycerol
Several variations on this basic structure exist, including alternate backbones such as sphingosine in the ________, and hydrophilic groups such as phosphate as in __________. _______ such as cholesterol are another major class of lipids.
-sphingolipids
-phospholipids
-Steroids
are aldehydes or ketones, with many hydroxyl groups attached, that can exist as straight chains or rings. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides and include galactose, fructose, and most importantly glucose. Monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides in almost limitless ways.
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are ______ or _______, with many hydroxyl groups attached, that can exist as straight chains or rings.
aldehydes or ketones
The basic carbohydrate units are called _________ and include galactose, fructose, and most importantly glucose.
monosaccharides
It is a measure of energy in food, specifically the measure of heat needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius.
In nutrition, calorie equals one scientific kilocalorie (Kcal).
Calorie (C)
It is a measure of ____ _____, specifically the ______ _____ needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius.
-energy in food
-measure of heat
Energy sources are oxidized to produce energy. Excess calories are stored in the body.
energy storage
A carbohydrate made in the liver and muscle. It is the first fuel used to power activity.
glycogen
A carbohydrate made in the ____ and _____. It is the first fuel used to power activity.
liver and muscle
Is the major energy store in the body. Adipose tissue (fatty tissue) is an efficient way to store energy because fat is twice as energy dense as carbohydrates or protein and has less water associated with it. When excess calories are taken in, only limited amounts of carbohydrates and protein can be stored (unless they are converted to fat which uses energy). Fats need little processing and are easily stored; Olive oil and canola oil are mono unsaturated fats, all plants have unsaturated fat (contain double bonds and are more fluid), except coconut and palm oil, which are saturated fats and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease
Fat (Triacylglycerol)
Energy Requirement :
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
2. Thermic Effect of Food (Specific Dynamic Action, or SDA)
3. Physical Activity
the energy expended by an individual in a resting, postabsoprtive state is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). It represents the energy required to carry out the normal body functions, such as respiration, blood flow, and maintenance of neuromuscular integrity. This is about 60% of the energy expenditure of a resting person.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
This is about __% of the energy expenditure of a resting person.
60%
the production of heat by the body increases above the basal level during the digestion and absorption of food. This effect is called the thermic effect of food or diet-induced thermogenesis. Over a 24-hour period the thermic response to food intake may amount to 10% of the total energy expenditure.
Thermic Effect of Food (Specific Dynamic Action, or SDA)
Thermic Effect of Food (Specific Dynamic Action, or SDA)
Over a 24-hour period the thermic response to food intake may amount to ___%of the total energy expenditure.
10%
muscular activity provides the greatest variation in energy expenditure. The amount of energy consumed depends on the duration and intensity of the exercise. The daily
expenditure of energy can be determined by carefully recording the type and duration of all activities. In an average person, this represents about 30-40% of his/her total
energy consumption.
physical activity
Physical Activity
In an average person, this represents about _______%of his/her total energy consumption.
30-40%
Total Energy Requirement (TER) = _____________(___) + _____________ + _______________
Total Energy Requirement (TER) = Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) + Thermic Effect of Food + Physical Activity
primary source of energy?
carbohydrates