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PSYCH*1000 social psychology

mimicry

taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others

Social norms

the unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

Ostracism

being ignored or excluded from social contact

Social roles

are guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group(coach, professor etc)

Social loafing

occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others.

Low efficacy groups

occurs if tasks are too difficult or complex, so people don t know where to start

Believing that an individuals contributions are not important to the group

occurs if people cant see their own input matters to the group

Not caring about the groups outcome

occurs when a person is not personally identified with the group

Feeling like others are not trying very hard

people loaf if they feel others are loafing.

Social facilitation

occurs when ones performance is affected by the presence of others

Normative influence

is the result of social pressure to adopt a groups perspective in order to be accepted rather than rejected, by the group

Informational influence

occurs when people feel the group is giving them useful information

Groupthink

a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement.

Altruism

helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

Bystander effects

the observation that an individual is less likely to help when they perceive that others are not helping.

Explicit processes

correspond roughly to conscious thought, are deliberative, effortful, relatively slow, and generally under our intentional control

Implicit process

compromise our unconscious thought; they are intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control

Dual process models

models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes

Person perception

process by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people

Thin slices of behaviour

very small samples of a persons behaviour in even a few seconds.

Self-fulfilling prophecies

which occur when a first impression affects ones behaviour, and then that affects other peoples behaviours, leading one to confirm the initial impression or expectation.

False consensus effect

this tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world.

Naïve realism

assume that our perceptions of reality are accurate, that we see things the way they are

Self serving biases

which are biased ways of processing self-relevant information to enhance our positive self- evaluation

Internal attribution

whereby an observer explains the behaviour of an actor in terms of some innate quality of that person.

External attributions

whereby the observer explains the actors behaviour as the result of the situation

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

the tendency to over-emphasize internal attributions and under emphasize external factors when explaining other peoples behaviour

Ingroups

groups we feel positively toward and identify with

Outgroups

other groups that we dont identify with

Ingroup bias

engaging in positive bias toward the self gets extended to include ones ingroups, people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior as their outgroups

Stereotype

a cognitive structure, a set of beliefs about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group

Prejudice

is an affective, emotionally laden response to members of outgroups, including holding negative attitudes and making critical judgments of other groups.

Discrimination

behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group

Implicit associations test

measures how fast people can respond to images or words flashed on a computer screen.

Contact hypothesis

which predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice.

4 common approaches to encouraging behaviour:

" Technological- making desired behaviour easy to accomplish
" Legal- creating policies, laws to encourage positive behaviour

" Economic- financial incentives and penalties

" Social- raising awareness educating and illustrating

Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

a dual process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information that will be most influential

Central route to persuasion

focuses on facts, logic, and the content of a message in order to persuade

Peripheral route to persuasion

which focuses on features of the issue or presentation that are not factual

Construal-level theory

which describes how information affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information

Identifiable victim effect

describes how people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people

Attitude inoculation

a strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and refuting that argument

Cognitive dissonance theory

when we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of aversive inner tension or dissonance; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can

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