World Englishes
Three circles model
- Kachru
- Inner = First langauge, from birth
- Outer = Colonialised/second language
- Expanding = Foreign langauge/trade
Key characteristics of a lingua franca
- Jenkins
- Funcational tool with local innovations building on english
Globish
- Nerriere
- Highly simplified and unidomatic varitey of english employed as a lingua franca
Distribution v Spread
- Widdowson
- English was historically distributed by colonials in a controlled manner
- In modern soceity, english spreads naturally.
Exonormativity
- Upholding british standards post-colonial
Endonormativity
- Acceptance of local educated forms of english
Lingustic Imperialism
- Phillipson
- Dominance asserted and retained by english and other languages but introducing inequalities
Dynamic model of the Evolution of Postcolonial Englishes
- Schneider
- Foundation
- Exonormative stablisation
- Nativisation
- Endonormative stablisation
- Differentiation
Circle of World Englishes
- McArthur
- Wheel model classifying different world englishes around a standard english variety