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chapter 26

the greening of the earth happened in what eon

phanerozoic

the closest relatives of land plants

charophytes

pros of moving on land

unfiltered sun more CO2 nutrient-rich soil few herbivores or pathogens

cons of moving on land

scarcity of water lack of structural support

land plants are called emybrophytes because

of their dependency of the embryo on the parent

derived traits of plants

alteration of generations
walled spores produced in sporangia

apical meristems

gametophyte

haploid, produces haploid gametes by mitosis

sporophyte

diploid, produces haploid spores by meiosis

nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through

placental transfer cells

sporophyte produces

spores in their sporangia

sporocytes

undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

sporopollenin

spore walls contain it making them resistent to harsh environments

gametangia

gamete producing organs

female gametangia

archegonia

male gametangia

antheridia

fungi are

heterotrophs

most common body structures of fungi

multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)

filaments form

networks of hyphae

chitin

a strong flexible polysaccharide prevents cells from bursting when they absorb nutrients and water from their environment

hyphae form an interwoven mass called

the mycelium

mycorrhizae

fungal hyphae that form beneficial relationships with plants
2 main types arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

extend hyphae through the root cell walls and into tubes pushing inward of the root cell membrane

ectomycorrhizal fungi

form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and typically grow into root cortex

benefits of mycorrhizae

more efficient than plant roots

fungi reproduces

asexually or sexually

fungal nuclei are usually (hap or dip)

haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages

plasmogamy

union of two parent mycelia

heterokaryon

when the haploid nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away and coexist in the mycelium

karyogamy

haploid nuclei fuse to produce diploid cells

bryophytes

non vascualr plants

bryophytes

nonvascular plants
3 clades

liverworts mosses hornworts

bryophyte sporophytes grow out of

archegonia

the simplest and smallest sporophytes of all plant groups

bryophytes

sporophyte consists of

a foot a seta and a sporangium or capsule

bryophyte traits

rhizoids
flagellated sperm

reproduction is tied to water

the first plants to grow tall

seedless vascular plants

two clades of seedless vascular plants

lycophytes and monilophytes

ancestors of modern lycophytes grew tall during the

Devonian and carboniferous

formed the first forests

lycophyte ancestors and horsetails

first vascular plants lacked

seeds

mosses and other bryophytes have life cycles dominaed by

gametophytes

seed plants

gymnosperm and angiosperm

2 types of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

xylem

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids

phloem

consists of living cells and distributes sugars amino acids and other organic producs

water conducting cells are strengthened by

lignin

roots

organs that anchor vascular plants

leaves

organs that increase surface area of vascular plants

2 types of leaves

microphylls and megaphylls

type of leaf that evolved first

microphylls

seed

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

angiosperm

flowering plants

gymnosperms

naked seed plants

seed plants formed in

the carboniferous

ovule

consists of megasporangium megaspore and one or more protective integuments

gymnosperm megaspores have how many integument

1

how many integuments do angiosperm megaspores have

two

microspores develop into

pollen grains, containing the male gametophytes

evolutionary advantage of seeds

a seed develops from the whole ovule
remain dormant until conditions are favourable

can be transported by nature

gymnosperms rose in

the devonian and Carboniferous

appeared early in the fossil record and dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems

gymnosperm

cycads

large cone palmlike leaves thrived during the mesozoic not many exist today

conifers

largest group of gymnosperms
evergreens and carry out photosynthesis all year round

flower

angiosperm structure for sexual reproduction

4 types of leaves on a flower

sepals petals stamens carpels

produce pollen

stamens on their anthers

consist of an ovary and a style with a stigma

carpel

where pollen is received

stigma

fruits

a mature ovary
help distribute seeds

angiosperm originated

in the early cretaceous

2 main groups of angiosperm

monocots and eudicots

more than one quarter of angiosperm species are

monocots

more than two thirds of angiosperm species are

eudicots

lichen

a symbiotic association between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism
millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae

fungal component of lichen is most often

ascomycete

occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface

algae or cyanobacteria

algae provide what in a lichen

carbon compounds

cyanobacteria provide what in a lichen

organic nitrogen

the growth of forests in the carboniferous resulted in what

drop in CO2 causing global cooling and glacier formation

ergotism

fungi that attack crops and are toxic to humans

fungal infection in animals

mycosis

most of our food comes from

angiosperms

six crops that yeild 80% of the calories consumed by humans

wheat rice maize cassava and sweet potatoes

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