phanerozoic
charophytes
unfiltered sun more CO2 nutrient-rich soil few herbivores or pathogens
scarcity of water lack of structural support
of their dependency of the embryo on the parent
alteration of generations
walled spores produced in sporangia
apical meristems
haploid, produces haploid gametes by mitosis
diploid, produces haploid spores by meiosis
placental transfer cells
spores in their sporangia
undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
spore walls contain it making them resistent to harsh environments
gamete producing organs
archegonia
antheridia
heterotrophs
multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)
networks of hyphae
a strong flexible polysaccharide prevents cells from bursting when they absorb nutrients and water from their environment
the mycelium
fungal hyphae that form beneficial relationships with plants
2 main types arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi
extend hyphae through the root cell walls and into tubes pushing inward of the root cell membrane
form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and typically grow into root cortex
more efficient than plant roots
asexually or sexually
haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages
union of two parent mycelia
when the haploid nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away and coexist in the mycelium
haploid nuclei fuse to produce diploid cells
non vascualr plants
nonvascular plants
3 clades
liverworts mosses hornworts
archegonia
bryophytes
a foot a seta and a sporangium or capsule
rhizoids
flagellated sperm
reproduction is tied to water
seedless vascular plants
lycophytes and monilophytes
Devonian and carboniferous
lycophyte ancestors and horsetails
seeds
gametophytes
gymnosperm and angiosperm
xylem and phloem
conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids
consists of living cells and distributes sugars amino acids and other organic producs
lignin
organs that anchor vascular plants
organs that increase surface area of vascular plants
microphylls and megaphylls
microphylls
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
flowering plants
naked seed plants
the carboniferous
consists of megasporangium megaspore and one or more protective integuments
1
two
pollen grains, containing the male gametophytes
a seed develops from the whole ovule
remain dormant until conditions are favourable
can be transported by nature
the devonian and Carboniferous
gymnosperm
large cone palmlike leaves thrived during the mesozoic not many exist today
largest group of gymnosperms
evergreens and carry out photosynthesis all year round
angiosperm structure for sexual reproduction
sepals petals stamens carpels
stamens on their anthers
carpel
stigma
a mature ovary
help distribute seeds
in the early cretaceous
monocots and eudicots
monocots
eudicots
a symbiotic association between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism
millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
ascomycete
algae or cyanobacteria
carbon compounds
organic nitrogen
drop in CO2 causing global cooling and glacier formation
fungi that attack crops and are toxic to humans
mycosis
angiosperms
wheat rice maize cassava and sweet potatoes