viruses
what is a virus?
nonliving infectious agents, composed of nucleic acids, enclosed in a protein coat they don't exhibit signs of life, no respiration growth or development. All they can do is replicate a cell in which a virus replicate is called a host. Cell viruses are small, smaller than the smallest bacterium.
what does a virus look like?
its inner core is nucleic acid and outer protein coat is called a capsid which surrounds the nucleic acid. Viruses are usually named after organs, tissues or diseases. They cause they have an outer envelope which has protein markers come out of it.
catagories of viruses
food and water which is in the food and water blood-borne, which is in blood and bodily fluid sexually transmitted through sex zoonotic which is through animals such as rabies and airborne, which is through the air or the respiratory tract
host
organism which provides nutrients
vector
host which carries infection around fleas or rats
parasite
organism which lives at expense of host such as mosquitoes
disease
upset in homeostasis of the host results in generation of observable changes
symton
evidence of damage to host
infectious disease
detrimental health changes to the host
virulence
Measure of pathogenicity the ability to cause disease
epidemic?
when a disease affects a community
pandemic
when a disease affects the world
aerobic?
aerobic means, including oxygen, such as cellular respiration(glucose +oxygen -->ATP + CO2 + H2O
anerobic
anaerobic means without oxygen such as sugar --> CO2 + H2O + lactic acid +2 ATP
communicable
contagious such as Covid or herpes
non communicable
not contagious such as cancer or arthritis
MRS NERG (signs of life)
movement, respiration, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, reproduction, grow growth
receptir mediated fusion
by viral entry into cells, it enters via protein receptors on the surface of cells it then injects nucleic acid into cell. The cap of virus stays attached to host cell.
endocyropic path
entire virus slips into cell plasma membrane of cells, surrounds the virus and produces evacuate inside hostas and then burst to release nucleic acid into cell
lytic cycle
1. Virus attaches to host cell 2. Injects nucleic acid 3.Host uses own supplies to copy nucleic acid 4. New viruses assemble and ready to be released 5. Host cell breaks and releases viruses.
lysogenic cycle
1. Attachment and entry to host cell 2. Provirus formation, viral DNA integrated to chromosomes. 3. Cell division. 4. Lysogenic enters Lydic cycle. 5. Spreads and when cell breaks all the cells are infected.
how long does lytic cycle take?
30 minutes for 200 new viruses
how long does lysogenic cycle take
can take up to years it waits until the body is weak
what is biology?
study of life and living things
matter cycles?
used over and over in ecosystem(cyclic)
energy flows
through an ecosystem and eventually lost into space as heat(linear)
nutrients gets---- while energy is --- ----
recycled, used once
producers?
plants make their own food through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
consumers
animals organisms that eat other organisms
decomposers
fungi and bacteria organisms that break down dead, waste into humus the top layer of soil
biotic?
living organisms in ecosystem
abiotic
non living things in ecosystem
cytoplasmic memebrand composed of?
phospholipid bilayer
prokaryotes
Organelles that are not membrane bound. Simpler. Can make protein and reproduce at the same time.
Eucaryotic
Complex. Membrane bound organelles. Organelles have specific functions. Contains a nucleus.
cell walls??
structural support, found in prokaryote and certain eukaryotes like fungi, allows, attachment of cells, resistance, anti-microbial drugs, composed of peptidoglycan, gram-positive and gram-negative
retrovirus
virus that has RNAinstead of DNA as a genetic material. Once in host cell it nakes DNA from RNA usinh an enzyme called transcriptase. It is a type B of a lysogenic cycle enters the host cell by Endocytopic pathway.
retrovirus....more
The virus has a preferred spot in the genome which can remove parts you need causing tumours growth or cancer.
plant virus
The first virus identified was tobacco mosaic virus. More than 1000 plant diseases can cause stunted growth yield decrease however it is not always lethal. Does not under the Lytic or lysogenic because it has no circulatory system.
prevention and treatment.
vaccination made of dead, (using the viral parts) or inactive parts of virus. attenvated= reduced in force or altered to not cause disease. Booster additional dose to extend the protection.
What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic viral cycles?
Lytic = immediate replication and destruction of host; Lysogenic = viral DNA integrates into host genome and remains dormant before activation.
Why are viruses not considered living organisms by most scientists?
They cannot reproduce, grow, or metabolize independently
what type of viruses use reverse transcription?
retroviruses
what is the most complex way that a retrovirus will reproduce?
reverse transcription
what is it called when RNA gets turned back into DNA?
reverse transcription
what are the 3 life cycles?
lytic, lysogenic and retrovirus into lysogenic
Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
Antibiotics target bacterial structures and processes (like cell walls, ribosomes) that viruses do not have.
cytology?
cells
mycology
fungi
virology
virus
bacteriology
bacteria
ecology
living things in ecosystem
phycology
algea
botany
plants
entomology
bugs
zoology
animals
order the terms small to big: organ, tissue, cell, organelle, organ system, atom, molecule, organism
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
multicellular
multi cells, eukaryotes
unicellular
one celled, prokaryotes (more so)
respiration (2 forms) vs photosynthesis
anerobic; sans oxygen aerobic; w oxygen.... photosynthesis; CO2+H2O--O2+glucose
nucleus
holds genetic info
spindle fibers
pull chromosomes together, movement
RNA vs DNA
RNA: single strand, uracil, ribose(suger) DNA: double, thyamine,deoxyribose(suger)
viruscshape: polyhedral
small crystals
virus shape:spherical
shaped like a ball
bacteriophage?
virus that affects bacterium(cookie monster from despicable me)
virus shape: helical
coiled springs
ways a virus can enter a cell
endocytopic pathway and receptor mediated fusion
W.H.O
World Health Organization
C.D.C
Centers for Disease Control
whats a big difference between the lytic vs lysogenic cycle?
lysogenic remains dormant until oppertune time
what is one structure not found in prokaryotes
nucleus or any membrane bound organelle
whats the primary function of the nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells
storage of genetic material
what do eukaryotic cells have
membrane bound organelles
lysogenic cycle; viral dna called when integrated into host dna?
prophage
classification o living things?
taxology
specialized product of anerobic respiration
Ethanol is a product of anaerobic respiration, specifically alcoholic fermentation, a process used by yeast
facultive aerboes means
can swithch between oxygen and no oxygen