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Biology - Staying Alive

What is the process of aerobic respiration?

The release of energy from food, using oxygen

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water

What is energy used for?

Movement
Warmth

Growth & Repair

What two chemicals can detect carbon dioxide?

Limewater
Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator

What colour change occurs in limewater?

Clear to Milky/Cloudy

What colour change occurs in Hydrogen Bicarbonate Indicator?

Red/Orange to Yellow

What is the function of the nose?

To warm, filter and moisten the air when it passes through

What is the function of the larynx?

The vocal chords inside make sound when air passes over them

What does the windpipe have around it and what is their function?

Rings of cartilage which keep it open

What does the windpipe divide into?

Two bronchi

What are the hairs around the cells of the windpipe called?

Cilia

What do some cells in the windpipe produce?

Mucus

What happens in the windpipe lining?

Dust and bacteria gets trapped in the mucus. The cilia pushes it to the throat to be swallowed

What does each bronchus branch off into?

Bronchioles

What is at the end of each bronchiole?

Alveoli

What happens in the alveoli?

Gas exchange

How many alveoli are there in each lung?

Millions

What happens when breathing in?

The intercostal muscles contranct and pull the ribs up and out
The diaphragm contracts and moves down

Chest volume increases

Air pressure in chest decreases

Air rushes into lungs

What happens when you breathe out?

Intercostal muscles relax causing ribcage to fall down and in
Diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves up

Volume in chest decreases

Air pressure in chest increases

Air rushes out of lungs

How does gas exchange work?

Deoxygenated blood arrives at lungs
Oxygen diffuses from air in alveolus into blood

CO2 diffuses in opposite direction

Oxygenated blood leaves lungs

Why is gas exchange at alveoli very efficient?

Large surface area
Good blood supply

Walls of alveoli and capillaries very thin

Walls of alveoli are moist

What does double circulation mean?

For every complete circuit of body, blood passes through heart twice

What is the journey of a blood cell through the heart?

vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulnonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta

Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker than wall of right ventricle?

Left ventrical pushes blood all around body. Right ventricle only pushes blood to lungs

What is the function of valves?

To prevent backflow of blood

Why does your heart not get tired when pumping blood?

The cardiac muscle which constantly contracts

How does the heart get its supply of food and oxygen?

Coronary arteries

What is the function of arteries?

Carry pulses of high pressure blood away from heart

What is the wall structure of an artery?

Thick with lots of muscle and elastic tissue

What is the width of an artery's lumen?

Narrower than a vein

Explain the reason for an artery's structure.

It means that an artery won't burst under high pressure

What is the function of veins?

To return low pressure blood back into heart

What is the structure of a vein?

Thinner than an artery with less muscle and elastic tissue

What is the width of a vein's lumen?

Wider than an artery

Explain the reason for a vein's structure.

It lets low pressure blood pass easily through

What hsppens when blood flows the right direction through a vein?

The valve flaps are pushed against the wall

What happens when blood tries to flow the wrong way through a vein?

The valve flaps close, preventing blood flow

What do arteries split into in an organ?

Capillaries

How thin are capillary walls?

One cell

How narrow is a capillary's lumen?

Blood cells have to travel in single file

How does the narrow wall of a capillary help?

It makes it easy for materials to pass in and out of the blood

How does the narrow lumen of a capillary help?

It slows down blood flow, giving more time for exchange to occur

What is plasma?

The fluid part of blood

What does plasma do?

Transports materials around the body

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A biconcave disc

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen around the body

What are the two types of white blood cells?

Phagocyte
Lymphocyte

What do white blood cells do?

Protect us against disease

What do phagocytes do specifically?

The eat the bacteria and viruses

What do lymphocytes specifically do?

They produce antibodies to kill the bacteria and viruses

What are platelets?

Tiny fragments of cells

What do platelets do?

Help the blood clot

What are two advantages to blood clotting?

Not losing as much blood
Bacteria and viruses dont enter body

What happens in a normal artery?

Blood flows through easily
Lining is smooth and lumen is open

What happens in a diseased artery?

Cholesterol sinks into cracks
It forms a bulging plaque

Plaque partly blocks lumen of artery

What are some risk factors for heart disease?

Smoking
Fatty diet

Stress

Lack of exercise

Being very overweight

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