paper 1 topics
what did dalton think about the atom model?
- a sphere of positive charge with no neutrons / electrons / protons
what did jj thompson think of the atom model?
plum pudding model:
- a ball of positive charge
- discovery of electrons [inside the ball of positive charge]
what did rutherford think of the atom model?
alpha scattering experiment:
- fired alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil
- some bounced back [concluded that there was a nucleus and protons]
what did bohr think of the atom model?
- discovered shells [electrons orbit nucleus]
what did james chadwick think of the atom model?
- doscovered the neutron in the nucleus
what is an atom?
the smallest part of an element to exist
what is the size of an atom and nuclei?
- atom = 1 x 10^-10
- nuclei = 1 x 10^-14
what is relative mass?
the charge of the particle / by proton charge
where is the atomic mass?
bottom number
where is the atomic number?
top number
what is the relative charge of a proton?
1
what is the relative mass of a proton?
+1
what is the relative charge of a neutron?
1
what is the relative mass of a neutron?
0
what is the relative charge of an electron?
0
what is the relative mass of an electron?
-1
what is an element?
made up of only one type of atom
what is a compound?
different atoms that are chemically bonded together
what is a mixture?
two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically bonded together
what is an isotope?
atoms of the same element but with different number of neutrons; different overall mass
how do you find relative atomic mass?
(abundance of isotope 1 x mass) x (abundance of isotope 2 x mass) / 100
what are the methods of seperating mixtures?
- filteration
- crystalization
- simple distillation
- fractional distillation
- paper chromatography
how do you get to a liquid from a solid?
melting
how do you get to a gas from a liquid?
boiling
how do you get to a liquid from a gas?
condensing
how do you get to a solid from a liquid?
freezing
what are the facts about particles?
- particles are a spherical shape
- spheres are solid
- no forces between the particles
what is the energy needed to change the state of a subsatnce depended on?
- forces between particles
- the stronger the force the higher the melting and boiling point
what is covalent bonding?
electrons are shared between non metal atoms
what do the number of electrons shared in covalent bonding depend on?
- how many extra electrons an atom needs to make a full outer shell
- each atom will have a full outer shell when atoms shared are included
what is a single bond?
each atom shares one pair of electrons
what is a double bond?
each atom shares two pairs of electrons
what are the covalent structures?
- giant covalent
- small molecules
- large molecules
how are different covalent structure formed?
- when atoms form covalent bonds
- depends on how many atoms there are and how theyre bonded
what is a giant covalent bond and its properties?
- many billions of atoms; each one with a strong covalent bond
- high melting and boiling point [because of strong covalent bonds]
- requires a lot of energy to melt
- solid at room temperature
- doesnt conduct electricity; no delocalised electrons that are free to move and carry charge
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