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Mikrobiologi 2

What is chemical energy

Energy found in molecules like carbohydrates and protein

What compounds are essential for bacteria

Macronutrients- Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Potassium, Magensium, Hydrogen, Oxtgen, Calcium and Sodium. Micronutriets- Boron, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zinc.

What are the uncommon ones important for

It is the micronutrients and they are trace elements. They are important for bacterial growth, metabolism and survival. They serve as cofactors for enzymes. structual components and electron carriers

Micro vs micronutrients

Macronutrients are needed in larger amounts and micronutrients are only trace amounts. Macro provides energy and micro does not

Metabolism

The process in a organism where its material substance is produced, maintained and sestroyed and ATP is made available

Anabolic vs Catabolic

Anabolic builds up larger molecules from smaller ones and energy is required. Catabolism break down larger molecules to smaller ones and energy is realesed

Autotrophic vs heterotrophic

The difference is their carbon source, Autotrophic use inorganic carbon and heterotrophic use organic carbon

Chemotrophic vs phototrophic

Electron donors. Phototrophic needs sunligt and chemothrophic use preformed molecules

Organotrophic vs lithotrophic

Energy sources, organotrophic use organic compounds and litotrophic use inorganic compounds

Oxygenic vs anoxygenic photosynthesis

In oxygenic O2 is produced and anoxygenic does not yeild O2

Difference between oxidation and reduction

Oxidation is a substance that loses electrons and reduction is a substance that gains electrons

Redox reaction

Reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one species to another

What information can be found in a redox tower

It is a representation of common redox reactions, you can rank electron donors and acceptors based on their reduction potential. The higher up in the tower a substance is, it is more likely to reduce and the lower down they are they are likley to oxidize

What is redox poteintial and how is it coupled to free energy?

Redox potential is a measure of a compounds tendency to gain or lose electrons in a redox reaction. It is measured in volts or milivolts under standars conditions. The further the electrons drops from a donor before they are caught by an acceptor the greater amount of energy is realesed. This gives a change in free energy.

What is the overall difference in ATP-production between aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

In aerobic respiration oxygen is available. Anaerobic is a possibility if oxygen is not available and fermentation is when oxidative phosphorylation is not possible.

What are NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers in cellular metabolsim

What is substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Energy rich compounds that ATP is made from

Glycolysis

A series of reactions split glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm in most cells. It is a splitting of a 6- carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules

What is produced during the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from two pyruvate molecules?

2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 and 2 NADH

Krebs cycle

Energy from acetyl CoA is transferred to NADH and FADH2, occurs in the cytoplsm in prokarutones and in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes. It results in 2 Acetyl CoA which rsults in 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH and 4 CO2

What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC)? Describe in detail how ETC works.

A series of four protien complexes that couples redox reaxtions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to creation of ATP in a complete system. Complex I NADH donates electrons H+ is pumped from the matric to the intermembrane space. Electrons are tranferred to Coenzyme Q. Complex II FADH2 donates electrons, electrons are transferred to coenzyme Q. Complex III H+ is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrande space. Elecrons are transferred to cytochrome C. Complex IV H+ is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Electrons are transferred to O2 which will them form water

How does ATP-synthase produce ATP?

1. H+ ions flows down their gradient into a channel in a stator and into a rotor. 2. Protons binds to the rotors making them spin within the membrane. 3. Each H+ ion makes one complete turn before they go through a second channel and into the mitochondrial matrix. 4. The spinning rotor activates an internal rod which will extend to a stationary knob. 5. The rods movement activates the knob catylizing ADP and Pi into ATP

How many ATP is produced from one glucose molecule

35 ATP

Anaerobic respiration

A way for bacteria to create ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor

Which electron acceptors can aerobic- and anaerobic organisms use?

Aerobic use oxugen and anaerobic can use nitrate, sulphate and carbonate.

Why is less energy obtained when other electron acceptors than oxygen are used?

They are high up in the redox tower which means they have a lower reduciton potential.

Fermentation

A process of sugars being broken down by enzymes of microorganism in the absence of oxygen. It is an anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose that does not need oxygen. The energy extraction pathway is glycolysis and it is the only one. Fermentation genreate ATP energy for metabolsim

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