Psychology YR 1
What is one assumption of the cognitive approach? (Computer)
Stimulus is the input, processing information, and behaviour is the output
What is one assumption of the cognitive approach? (Result)
Behaviour is the result of processing information.
What is the first section of the MSM?
Stimulus from the environment
What does MSM stand for?
Multi-Store Memory
Where does the stimulus go in the MSM model?
Sensory register
What sensory stores are in the sensory register?
Echoic
Iconic
Other sensory stores
How does stimulus travel into the Short Term Memory?
With attention
How is information lost from STM?
Displacement
What does STM stand for?
Short Term Memory
What does LTM stand for?
Long Term Memory
How is information kept in STM?
Maintenance rehearsal
How is information transferred from STM to LTM?
Prolonged rehearsal
How is information lost from LTM?
Decay
How does information travel from LTM to STM?
Retrieval
What is the capacity of STM?
5-9 items
What is the capacity of LTM?
Unlimited amount
What does ICD stand for?
International Classification of Diseases
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What is the definition of Psychopathology?
Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental illness and disorders
What is the definition of Deviation from Social Norms?
Behaving abnormally is where the behaviour does not match the social norms of the culture
What is the definition of Deviation from Political Norms?
Beliefs, opinions, and behaviours that do not match what is considered acceptable by people in power/ having abnormal views and behaviours that deviate from the governments'
What is the definition of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health?
It is abnormal behaviour that should be defined by the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics
What is the definition of Statistical Infrequency?
A person's traits, thinking, and behaviour are labeled as unusual and or abnormal
What is the definition of Failure to Function Adequately?
This refers to someone who has an abnormality which can prevent them from doing seemingly normal tasks
What is the memory duration of STM?
Up to 30 seconds
What is the memory duration of LTM?
Potentially forever
What is the memory duration of the Sensory Register?
250 milliseconds
What is the capacity of the Sensory Register?
Very high
What is one assumption of the Social Approach? (Judge)
How we see and judge ourselves compared to others
What is one assumption of the Social Approach? (Pressure)
Learning behaviour from other people, conforming to the same ways as society
What is one assumption of the Learning Approach? (Learned)
Behaviour is something that is learned from being born
What is one assumption of the Learning Approach? (Environment)
Environmental stimuli is what influences us to think and behave in certain ways
What is one assumption from the Biological Approach? (Genes)
Genes and inheritance of behaviour is passed down through family
What is one assumption of the Biological Approach? (Hormones)
Hormones and other chemicals impact behaviour, this is all biological
How is memory stored in State-Dependant memory?
The memory is stored but is most efficiently retrieved when the person's consciousness is the same as when it was remembered
How is memory stored in Context-Dependant memory?
Recall is stronger when the environment a memory was stored in is the same when trying to retrieve it
What coding type is LTM?
Semantically (mainly)
What coding type is STM?
Acoustically (mainly)
What coding type is the Sensory Store?
Modality specific
What is free recall?
This is recall of a memory with no help from cues
What is cued recall?
This is recall which involves a hint at a certain memory
What are meaningful cues in memory?
These are cues which reminds a person of a useful memory they want to remember
What are context related cues?
These are cues that aren't meaningful and recalled instead of an important memory that might relate to the smells, emotions or places of an event
What is rationalisation?
This involves changing the memory to fit your existing schema if an event doesn't make full sense
What is confabulation?
This means filling in gaps from past experiences, so merging two memories to make a new one could happen if they're similar
What is shortening?
Leaving information out of a memory, the event is recalled to be shorter
What is a schema?
Framework that develops from experiences with people, objects or events
What was Bartlett's (1932) key study?
People were asked to reproduce an unfamiliar story to see if they used their schemas to reconstruct it. They did and they also shortened it
What was Loftus and Palmer's (1974) key study?
Different words were used to describe a car crash to two groups. People changed their estimates of the speed of the car because of the word used
What study did John Bargh make?
Different students unscrambled sentences that represented different emotions. Then they were made to wait, their response linked to the emotion in the sentence
What type of priming is this: experience of something primes you so the response to a situation is quicker in the future
Repetition Priming
What type of priming is this: The prime and the target are in similar categories, so thinking of a specific item in that category primes you to process information relevant to another item more quickly
Semantic Priming
What type of priming is this: The prime and target are regularly associated but aren't from the same category
Associative Priming
What feature of a memory script is this: People are presented with routine event steps in the wrong order, and they normally recall them in the correct order
Supporting Evidence
What feature of a memory script is this: Seeing someone immediately causes assumptions about their character
Person Perception
What feature of a memory script is this: Our memories contain knowledge and expectations about people's personalities
Person Schema
What does FAE stand for?
Fundamental attribution error
When does the FAE happen?
When you over-emphasise the role of intention as a cause of the behaviour of others, and under-emphasise its role in your behaviour
Is this an example of Hostile Attribution Bias or Confirmation Bias: wrongly interpreting others' behaviour as threatening
Hostile Attribution Bias
Is this an example of Hostile Attribution Bias or Confirmation Bias: This bias leads you to pay attention to information that supports your views and ignore info that doesn't
Confirmation Bias
What are the 6 Key Concepts?
• Multi-Store-Memory Model
• Remembering
• Reconstructive Memory
• Priming
• Cognitive Scripts
• Cognitive Bias
What does the Alpha Bias do?
It exaggerates the difference between males and females
What does the Beta Bias do?
It traditionally ignores/minimises sex differences
What is reductionism?
The idea that complicated behaviours and phenomena can be better explained by "reducing" them into small, simple pieces
Why did many people drill holes into their heads?
This increased the blood flow to the brain and would allow for bad spirits and demons to exit from the top of their heads
What was the purpose of an exorcism?
This would allow for the possessed person to be rid of any spirits or demons/god to leave their body
Why did the majority of medicinal knowledge decrease majorly before the 1600s
Christianity made its way to the Roman Empire which led to medicine being disapproved of. They burned and destroyed books and stores of this information
Why didn't religious people approve of medicine and science?
This would go against God, seen as strange and disloyal
When was Hippocrates alive and who was he?
460-377 BC and he was Greek physician
Who was Hippocrates?
A Greek physician
What did John Locke (1960) believe? (Tabula Rasa)
People are born as blank slates with no skills/characteristics
What does GPI stand for and what did it mean?
General Paresis of the Insane, this was a diagnosis given to those who were seen mentally unwell and abnormal
Why were treatments like drugs given to mentally unwell patients?
Mental disorders were the result of physical/biological diseases, so were given the same treatments
What is the difference between a Psychiatrist and a Psychologist?
A Psychiatrist will treat mental disorders based on the Somatogenic Hypothesis, whilst Psychologists will treat mental disorders with psychological methods
What is the Somatogenic Hypothesis?
This means the mental illness comes from the issues to do with the physical body
What was the name of the German doctor who watched over the patients to keep a record of their symptoms and called this a cluster, later calling those syndromes?
Dr Kraeplin
What is an advantage to understanding many illnesses and their treatments? (Technology)
There are more known treatments thanks to modern science and technology
What is an advantage to understanding many illnesses and their treatments? (Sins)
The stigma surrounding mental illnesses which caused many to be exorcised and blamed for sins, no more demons or guilt are associated with it anymore (as much)
What is a disadvantage of understanding mental illnesses and their treatments? (Not enough)
There still isn't enough research to fully understand what is causing mental illnesses or how to properly treat them
What is a disadvantage to understanding many illnesses and their treatments? (Label)
People can take advantage of this knowledge and even discriminate against those who may have a certain label, despite this providing them with an explanation and comfort
What is the purpose of an Aggressive Script? (Primes us to think..)
This script will prime to be ready for aggression, triggered by cues that seem aggressive
Who conducted the Robbers Cave Experiment (1940s/50s) and what did this involve?
Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues separated two groups of boys who were unaware of each other at a camp. When they met they fought, pranked, shouted, and yelled at one another, especially over resources. Yet when working together for a shared goal this stopped, the rivalry disappeared
What is this an example of: Customers rated the wine differently at a restaurant based on the music playing at the time. (X Modal)
Cross-modal research support