MB1- NBCD
The formation of glycogen from several glucose units is an example of:
Anabolism
All processes add to the level of glucose except:
glycogenesis
Any substance which can be used in the body's metabolic processes.
nutrient
The passage of products of digestion through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and lymph system.
absorption
The combination of processes by which the living organism receives and utilizes the materials needed to maintain its functions and for the growth and renewal of its components.
nutrition
All the physical and chemical changes which food undergoes in the body to make it absorbable.
digestion
Chemical breakdown of energy-giving nutrients.
oxidation
Which of the following has the highest pH
pancreatic juice
These are pancreatic enzymes except:
pepsin
Hormones that regulate water and electrolyte balance except:
epinephrine
Blood leaving the gastrointestinal tract travels first to the:
liver
Digestion and absorption are coordinated by the:
hormonal system & the nervous system
The functional unit of kidney.
nephron
The process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled is_____.
micturition
A period of relaxation when the heart fills with blood
diastiole
The pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular node
The lipotropic agent important in fat metabolism and transport.
triglyceride
Major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
small intestines
The major classes of lipids are:
triglycerides,phospholipids,sterols
Sources of glucose except for:
fat
The second aerobic stage of carbohydrate metabolism which takes place in the mitochondria is:
oxidative decarboxylation
The exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products takes place in:
d. b & c
Sucrase acts on sucrose to produce:
glucose & fructose
The degree to which an ingested nutrient gets absorbed and is available to the body.
bioavailability
A non-cellulose polysaccharide found in fruits and composed of units of galactose derivative.
pectin
Intermediate product of starch hydrolysis.
dextrin
Amino acid may be classified according to the following except:
use
The process of removing the amino group from an amino acid is known as:
deamination
All are dietary carbohydrates except:
glycogen
The decomposition of one glucose molecule produces:
38 molecules of ATP
Large lipids such as monoglycerides and log chain fatty acids must first merge into____prior to absorption and transport.
micelles
Fatty acids concentrated in animal foods such as chicken, pork and dairy products and in palm and coconuts oils.
saturated fatty acids
Before thier release into the lymph, lipids combine with____.
proteins
Polyunsaturated fatty acid predominating in the diet.
linoleic acid
The end product/s of the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism.
acetyl CoA
An omega-3 fatty acid which plays a major role in retinal function and brain development is now believed to be essential for infants.
decosahexanoic acid (DHA)
These are lipoproteins made primarily by liver cells to transport lipids to various tissues in the body.
VLDL
Coenzyme required in oxidative decarboxylation.
TPP
It is important in lipid metabolism carrying long-fatty chain acids to mitochondria for beta-oxidation
carnitine
If bile is not released into the small intestines, it would impair the digestion and absorption of:
fat
Synonymous to krebs cycle except:
glycolysis
The reaction in which electrons are removed from a molecule.
oxidation
It is a series of proteins that serve as electron "carriers"
oxidative phosphorylation
End product of glycolysis of 2 glucose molecules.
2 pyruvic acid
It is defined as the non-physiological regulation of eating.
appetite
A product of carbohydrate metabolism used for muscular contraction.
lactic acid
The carbon compound used as the starting material of the TCA.
acetyl CoA
During the fasting stage, one of the following occurs:
glycogen breakdown
Inactive precursors of enzymes.
zymogens
Amino acid lacking in a protein is called:
limiting amino acid
A protein source that does not contain cholesterol
rice
Source of complete protein.
egg
The amino acid precursor of tyrosine needed in the formation of thyroxine and epinephrine
phenylalanine
Amino acid that combines with many toxic substances converting them to harmless forms which are then excreted.
glycine
NPU is measure to test _________.
the percentage of nitrogen
Excess dietary proteinis ________.
broken down for energy or used to synthesize glucose and fat
A purple pigment in rod cells involved in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses in the retina.
rhodopsin
The need for B1 increases in the following conditions except:
with increased fat consumption
Called the food pipe:
esophagus
The following are properties of fat-soluble vitamins except:
needed in the daily diet
Functions of electrolytes except:
maintenance of normal immune system
A B vitamin active in amino acid metabolism because of its ability to transfer amino acid groups.
B6
The effect of adequate intake of lactose is_____.
all of the above
It needs glycoprotein, the intrinsic factor for its absorption.
B12
Mineral component of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase.
Cu
It functions as a coenzyme in the breakdown of fat for energy production.
B2
Fat-soluble vitamins obtained from a non-food source.
D & K
Nutrient which interferes with Vit. A utilization.
Zn
Factors favoring non heme iron absorption except:
Zn
In general, fresh fruits and vegetables are:
high in K but low in Na
Extracellular ions which are first lost by sweating , bleeding or renal/fecal excretion:
Na & Cl
When blood Ca levels fall too low, the organ systems which raise the low Ca levels are:
intestines, kidneys, and bones
The most abundant mineral in the body.
Ca
The body's first line of defense against changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids is/are:
buffer system
Mineral component of glutathione peroxidase which prevents free radical formation.
Se
A trace mineral which helps maintain glucose homeostasis.
Cr
Galactose is a product of digestion of:
milk
Plant foods that contain saturated fats:
coconut & chocolate
Fatty acids that tend to raise total blood cholesterol levels, raise LDL cholesterol, and lower HDL.
trans-fatty acid
Invisible fats can be found in:
cakes & cookies
Good sources of complete protein foods are:
eggs & ground beef
The backbone of protein is ____.
peptide bonds
Fat and carbohydrate are called "protein sparers" due to which of the following factors?
Their prescence reduces the need of utilizing proteins for energy
The principal hormone that regulates basal metabolism and oxygen consumption.
thyroxine
Highly important nutrients supplied by whole grains.
thiamin, niacin, carbohydrates
Which of the following is least likely to be involved in tooth development and/or calcification?
thiamin
A water soluble vitamin that contains both sulfur and amino acid group and is found in rice polishings.
thiamin
The most indispensable nutrient since it comprises about 50-70% of total body weight.
water
Intravascular fluid contains:
extracellular fluid
Good sources of water:
oranges & melon
ADH cause kidneys to _____.
conserve fluid
Phosphorus is found in:
poultry
Sulfur _____.
is found in all body cells
All are secretions of the endocrine glands which regulate metabolic rate except:
oxytocin
Site of glyceride synthesis in epithelial cells:
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This compound is synthesized from lysine and methionine and is important in lipid metabolism. It carries long chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.
carnitine
Human need for water baries with:
I. level of Physical activity
ll. age
lll.environmental temperature
lV. body weight
l,ll & lll
The formula for respiratory quotient (RQ):
moles of CO2 expired
moles of O2 consumed
Physiological actions of dietary fiber except:
it improves mineral absorption
It protects folate from oxidative destructions.
vitamin C