MOA antihypertensive agents
inhibits the Na+/Cl- symporter in the early distal tubule
thiazide diuretics
Inhibit the Na+, K+, 2Cl- symporter in the ascending loop of Henle
loop diuretics
Na channel blocker in the collecting duct
Amiloride and Triamterene
Aldosterone receptor blocker ~ ↓Na reabsorption
Spironolactone and Eplerenone
Inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of carbonic acid (H2CO3) into H+ and HCO3 and combine HCO3 with Na+ , in proximal convulated tubule
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Osmotic effect in the proximal tubule and descending limb of Henle’s loop
osmotic diuretics
Blocks the β1 receptors in the heart → ↓HR and contractility
Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonists
Inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I (weak vasoconstrictor) into angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)
Inhibits the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin II Type 1 receptors (AT1)
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Reduce the Ca2+ influx in the blood vessels resulting to relaxation and dilation of vascular smooth muscle
calcium channel blockers
Release of nitric oxide
hydralazine
Hyperpolarization of smooth muscle membrane through opening of potassium channels
minoxidil
Hyperpolarization of smooth muscle membrane through opening of potassium channels
diazoxide
Activation of Dopamine-1 receptors
fenoldopam
Inhibit the production of renin
aliskiren
decrease angiotensinogen synthesis in the liver by reducing angiotensinogen mRNA levels
zilebesiran
Block both β1 and β2 receptors.
Non-Selective Beta-Blockers
Block both alpha and beta receptors.
Mixed Alpha and Beta-Blockers