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Thermodynamics is the field of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, density and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale.
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The laws of thermodynamics postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.
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A thermodynamic system is separated from the rest of the lory
universe by a membrane, which delimits a finite volume and through which heat or other forms of energy may pass.
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Regions outside the boundaries of the system are termed extra system.
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Homogenous thermodynamic system has two or more phases, which are separated from one another by definite bounding surfaces.
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An intensive variable is a physical quantity whose value depends on the amount of the substance.
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Changes in a thermodynamic system are often described by
differentials of its state variables.
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Most thermodynamic equations are functions with several variables.
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For a given amount of substance temperature, pressure and volume are not independent from each other. They are connected by an equation of state.
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Differentiation means finding slopes or the rate of change of one variable with respect to another.
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Small changes in a state function with several variables can be represented by a total differential. For this, all partial differentials of this function must be added.
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Temperature and pressure are extensive variables.
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The total energy of the system and its surroundings is conserved.
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Energy may be extracted from an object either by cooling, compression, or extraction of matter.
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A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when any of its properties such as temperature, pressure, volume etc. change with time.
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Each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes in energetic character, according to what parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held constant.
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Reversible thermodynamic processes are processes, which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state.
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Dissipative structures are stationary states with completely new qualities.
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Density is an intensive variable.
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An isobaric process occurs at constant volume..
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Thermodynamic systems possess energy, but not heat or work.
Heat and work are transfer phenomena.
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The pressure, temperature and chemical potential are the generalized forces, which drive the generalized changes in volume, entropy and particle number respectively.
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Heat and work are not state variables.
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Force-displacement is a conjugate pair.
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dU represents an infinitesimal change in internal energy.
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The internal energy of a system will increase if that system performs work against external objects.
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A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an isothermal process.
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Work is the energy transfer connected with force acting through a distance.
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The internal energy is an extensive property of a system while the internal energy per mole is an intensive state property of that system.
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Conjugate variables are sets of intensive and extensive variables whose product has the dimensions of energy.
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