memory
modifies information so that it can be placed in memory; first stage of information processing
encoding
the maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing
storage
the location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing
retrieval
strategies that improve memory, typically by effectively organizing an integrating to be learned information
mnemonic devices
the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; holds impressions briefly, but not long enough so that series of perception are psychologically continuous
sensory memory
an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
memory trace
a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
icon
the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of VISUAL stimuli
iconic memory
memory of the physical sensations we experience through touch
haptic memory
the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
eidetic imagery
a mental representation of an auditory stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
echo
the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of AUDITORY stimuli
echoic memory
the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory
short term memory
a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
chunk
the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage
long term memory
the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
memories of actual events that were pushed into the unconscious because they are emotional threatening
repressed memories
the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with
interference theory
the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
retroactive interference
the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
proactive interference
loss of memory of personal information that is taught to stem from psychological conflict or trauma
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall events that occur prior to age of 3 or so; also term childhood amnesia
infantile amnesia
a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the information of new memories
hippocampus
failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
anterograde amnesia
failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
retrograde amnesia
leaves consolidated memories intact, but prevent storing new facts
anterograde amnesia
disrupts previous memories
retrograde amnesia
arises after psychological trauma are extreme stress, there is no obvious problem in the brain(intentional faking of amnesia)
functional amnesia
arises after the brain has been damaged by stroke, injury or disease
organic amnesia
loss of memory over an entire time span
amnesia
recognize, process, experience.
this memory will last if we put attention to it
lingering sensations
memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information
explicit memory
our memories of the things that happened to us or takes place in our presence (i remember)
episodic memory
general knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory (i know)
semantic memory
memory that is suggested but not plainly express; the things that people do but do not state clearly
implicit memory
the activation of specific associations in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory
priming
memory for past events, activities, are learning experience
retrospective memory
memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs
prospective memory
graphic representation of the rate at which information is forgotten over time: recent events are recalled better than more distant ones, but most forgetting occurs soon after learning
forgetting curve
loss of memories overtime because the relevant connections between neurons are lost
decay
some false memories are easier to create than others
pezdek
artificially implanted memories
loftus
memories of events or situation that did not, in fact, occur in general, we don't necessarily remember what actually happened but rather what we experience a shaving happened
false memories
can implant beliefs, leading the hypnotized person to believe that suggested events happened
hypnosis
recall that is better if it occurs in the same psychological state that was present when the information was first encoded
state dependent retrieval
makes the same information or easily accessed in the future
repetition priming
well learned response that is carried out automatically and the appropriate stimulus is present
habits
sets of hobbies that can be coordinated in a range of ways
skills
associative learning; neutral stimulus is paired with a unconditioned stimulus that produce an unconditioned response, which interleads the neutral stimulus to produce the same response as the unconditioned
classical conditioned responses
retain input from single perceptual system, such as vision, or audition, or from a specific processing system, search as language; multimedia brain
modality specific memory stores
an unusually vivid and detailed memory of a dramatic event
flashbulb memories
learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn
intentional learning
learning that occurs without intention
accidental learning
processing that organizes and integrates information into previously stored information, often by making associations
breadth of processing
recalling information can cause memories to become vulnerable to change, so to be retained, the information must be reconsolidated as a stored structure
reconsolidation
process of converting information store dynamically in Ltm as a structural change in the brain
consolidation
propose the sperling theory
george sperling
stimuli that we put attention to
memory