Anatomy 101 chapter 1
What is the definition of anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body and parts
what is the definition of physiology
study of how the body and parts work
-structure determines function
gross anatomy
large structures, easily observable
microscopic anatomy
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
cells and tissues
structural organizations
-atoms
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ system
-organism
organ systems
-integumentary
-skeletal
-muscular
-nervous
-endocrine
-cardiovascular
-lymphatic
-respiratory
-digestive
-urinary
-reproductive
integumentary system
-skin (includes hair and fingernails)
-waterproof
-cushion and protection
-produces vitamin D and excretes salt
-regulate body temperature
-cutaneous nerve receptors
skeletal system
-bone, cartilage, ligaments, joints
-muscle attachment for movement
-protects vital organs
-blood cells
-minerals
muscular system
-skeletal muscles contract
-movement of bones
nervous system
-fast-acting control system
-brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
- internal and external stimulus
-messages sent to CNS
-assess information and activate effectors (muscles and glands)
endocrine system
hormones
-control growth and reproduction
-pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries
cardiovascular system
-heart and blood vessels
-pumps blood, transports blood to tissue, blood transports
-oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones
-white blood cells, immunity
Lymphatic system
-lymphatic vessels, nodes, organs
-nodes and organs cleanse the body
-houses white blood cells and IMMNUNITY
respiratory system
-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
-gases exchanged through air sacs in lungs
-supply oxygen and remove CO2
Digestive system
-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, accessory organs
-break down food
-nutrient absorption
-feces
Urinary system
-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous waste
-maintains acid-base balance
-regulates water and electrolyte balance
-regulate normal blood pressure
Reproduction
-cellular and organismal level
-growth and repair
growth
-increases cell size or body size
-hormones
SURVIVAL NEEDS
-nutrients
--chemicls used for energy and cell building
- 6 essential nutrients
oxygen
-required for chemical reaction
-available by respiratory and cardiovascular systems
water
-60 to 80 percent of body weight
body temp
-37 degrees Celsius (98.6)
-below this temp, chemical reactions slow and stop
-above this temp they quicken, become too rapid
atmospheric pressure
-must be appropriate for gas exchange
ANATOMICAL
-standing erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forward
body planes and sections
-cut long imaginary line known as plane
sagittal
- left and right
- a median or midsagittal - equal left and right
frontal/coronal
-anterior and posterior
transverse/cross
-superior and inferior
Body cavities
-dorsal/ventral
-protection
-spinal cavity
-cranial cavity
-thoracic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
-four quadrants -- right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
- nine regions - right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
homeostasis
- maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
-equilibrium or balance
-necessary for function and sustain life
-the nervous system and endocrine system
homeostatic imbalance
-disturbance in homeostasis
maintaining homeostasis
3 parts
- receptor -- control center -- effector
-receptor -- responds to changes and sends a signal to the control center
- control center - determines set point, analyzes and determines response
-effector -- response to stimulus
superior
- toward the head or upper part of the body
inferior
- away from the head or lower regions of the body
anterior
-towards or at the front of the body
posterior
-toward or at the backside of the body
medial
toward or at the midline
lateral
away from the midline
intermediate
- between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
-close to the origin of the body
distal
further from the origin of a body part
superficial
- toward or at the surface
deep
away from the body surface
Cranial
houses brain, protected by skull
spinal
houses spinal cord, protected by vertebrae
thoracic
superior to the diaphragm, heart, lungs, and more
-protected by rib cage
abdominopelvic
inferior to diaphragm
-stomach, liver and others -- up top
-reproductive organs, bladder, rectum - bony pelvis
negative feed back
- shuts off original stimulus or reduces intensity
- works like a thermostat
EXAMPLE
- in pancreas in reaction to maintaining blood glucose
positive feed back
-rare in the human body
-increase original stimulus to push variable further
-reactions quicken
EXAMPLE
- blood clotting and birth of baby