Anatomy 101 chapter 1

What is the definition of anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and parts

what is the definition of physiology

study of how the body and parts work
-structure determines function

gross anatomy

large structures, easily observable

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

cells and tissues

structural organizations

-atoms
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ system
-organism

organ systems

-integumentary
-skeletal
-muscular
-nervous
-endocrine
-cardiovascular
-lymphatic
-respiratory
-digestive
-urinary
-reproductive

integumentary system

-skin (includes hair and fingernails)
-waterproof
-cushion and protection
-produces vitamin D and excretes salt
-regulate body temperature
-cutaneous nerve receptors

skeletal system

-bone, cartilage, ligaments, joints
-muscle attachment for movement
-protects vital organs
-blood cells
-minerals

muscular system

-skeletal muscles contract
-movement of bones

nervous system

-fast-acting control system
-brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
- internal and external stimulus
-messages sent to CNS
-assess information and activate effectors (muscles and glands)

endocrine system

hormones
-control growth and reproduction
-pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries

cardiovascular system

-heart and blood vessels
-pumps blood, transports blood to tissue, blood transports
-oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones
-white blood cells, immunity

Lymphatic system

-lymphatic vessels, nodes, organs
-nodes and organs cleanse the body
-houses white blood cells and IMMNUNITY

respiratory system

-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
-gases exchanged through air sacs in lungs
-supply oxygen and remove CO2

Digestive system

-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, accessory organs
-break down food
-nutrient absorption
-feces

Urinary system

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous waste
-maintains acid-base balance
-regulates water and electrolyte balance
-regulate normal blood pressure

Reproduction

-cellular and organismal level
-growth and repair

growth

-increases cell size or body size

-hormones

SURVIVAL NEEDS

-nutrients
--chemicls used for energy and cell building
- 6 essential nutrients

oxygen

-required for chemical reaction
-available by respiratory and cardiovascular systems

water

-60 to 80 percent of body weight

body temp

-37 degrees Celsius (98.6)
-below this temp, chemical reactions slow and stop
-above this temp they quicken, become too rapid

atmospheric pressure

-must be appropriate for gas exchange

ANATOMICAL

-standing erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forward

body planes and sections

-cut long imaginary line known as plane

sagittal

- left and right
- a median or midsagittal - equal left and right

frontal/coronal

-anterior and posterior

transverse/cross

-superior and inferior

Body cavities

-dorsal/ventral
-protection
-spinal cavity
-cranial cavity
-thoracic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

-four quadrants -- right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
- nine regions - right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

homeostasis

- maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
-equilibrium or balance
-necessary for function and sustain life
-the nervous system and endocrine system

homeostatic imbalance

-disturbance in homeostasis

maintaining homeostasis

3 parts
- receptor -- control center -- effector
-receptor -- responds to changes and sends a signal to the control center
- control center - determines set point, analyzes and determines response
-effector -- response to stimulus

superior

- toward the head or upper part of the body

inferior

- away from the head or lower regions of the body

anterior

-towards or at the front of the body

posterior

-toward or at the backside of the body

medial

toward or at the midline

lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

- between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

-close to the origin of the body

distal

further from the origin of a body part

superficial

- toward or at the surface

deep

away from the body surface

Cranial

houses brain, protected by skull

spinal

houses spinal cord, protected by vertebrae

thoracic

superior to the diaphragm, heart, lungs, and more
-protected by rib cage

abdominopelvic

inferior to diaphragm
-stomach, liver and others -- up top
-reproductive organs, bladder, rectum - bony pelvis

negative feed back

- shuts off original stimulus or reduces intensity
- works like a thermostat
EXAMPLE
- in pancreas in reaction to maintaining blood glucose

positive feed back

-rare in the human body
-increase original stimulus to push variable further
-reactions quicken
EXAMPLE
- blood clotting and birth of baby