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Leopolds definiton of Outdor rec
5 components
1. collection of physicla objects
2. feelings of isolation in nature
3. experiencing fresh air and scenery
4, perception of nature
5. development of sense of responsibility for nature
Contesting conceptualizations (Baker)
- boundaries that have been built
bound by definition
- "outdoor rec" is acc. liquid as it has been experienced
- look beyond hegemonic boundaries
Discourses of Nature (Holden 2014)
- Nature as real
- Nature as a social construct
- our place in nature
Nature as real (holden)
- nature is not an inexhaustible resource
- our wellbeing is reciprocal with nature
- tourism contributes to damage and depletion
Nature as a social construct (holden)
-free from issues of culture and civilization
- authentic and carefree
- pure and untouched
- place to rediscover an American pioneer spirit
Our Place in Nature (Holden)
- question of our relationship with nature and responsibilities for environment
benefits of being in nature
Physiological, emotional, cognitive
Advantages of Nature deficit disorder
- promote nature time
- legitimize/ value nature time
- doctors can prescribe nature time
- minimize other diagnosis
Disadvantages of Nature Deficit Disorder
- not an actual disorder
- medicalizes it- deficit approach
- medication instead of outside time
social determinants of health
- education
- transportation
- accessibility
- food security
- housing
- diversity and inclusion
- social supports and connections
- connection to the land
- childhood experiences
- employment
- income and social status
what is mindfullness
knowing what is going on in and outside ourselves
- lets us step back and see thought patterns
- awareness
KEY takeaways from Shuttleworth and Hughes (2021) (SA )
- walking in nature provides space and time to be aware of thought patterns
- movement of walking provides perspective on everyday life
- person powered change and healing
- movement in outdoors allows us to break down knots of things that prevent mental wellness
- movement helps with thinking
- mind-body dualism
- brings awareness to body
stress reduction theory
1. restorative environments
2. attention restoration
3. biophilia hypothesis
4. physiological benefits
5. mindfulness and presence
6. perceived restorativeness
Biophilia Hypothesis
humans have an innate connection to nature
Place-Based Events (mannion and lynch) SA
- place is not passive recipient of whatever humans decide to do
- land is an active participant
- includes growing sense of what the place demands of us in our attitudes and actions
Place Ambivalent Teaching strategies (M&L) SA
do not actively plan to take much account of the place as a contributing factor in teaching and learning
Place-sensitive teaching strategies (M&L) SA
do plan to take some active amount of the role the place will play in teaching and learning
Place-essential teaching strategies (M&L) SA
planned so that they cannot be enacted if some specific location is not available for teaching and learning
what does it mean for learning to take place in a Place Based event
learning takes place within context in specific time and place
- you can go to the same place at different time and the learning will be different
- learning takes place within context at specific time and place
- examples: Ski- hill- skiing
* lake/pond- learning to row, learning to swim, learning to skate etc.
How to Decolonize
-spending time outdoors
-being aware of colonization impacts
- be aware of what we have stolen from others
-respect purpose of activities and items
- educate and be aware
- Language
- challenging colonizing assumptions such as that land is untouched, can be possessed, there is only one way of knowing land, one way is better than others, history tells the whole story
LNT
- designed to promote ethical principles and guide behaviour of individual outdoor enthusiast
- used in NFP, gov policies, educational curriculum
- 7 principles
7 principles of LNT
1. plan ahead and prepare
2. travel and camp on durable surfaces
3. dispose of waste properly
4. leave what you find
5. minimize campfire impacts
6. respect wildfire impacts
7. be considerate of other visitors
Contradictions of LNT
- it is impossible to LNT
- only displaces impact
- limited approach to environmental ethics
Three contradictions (lnt)
1. consuming to enjoy nature
- consumption of outdoor clothing and gear has become an end to itself- or integral part of participation
2. consuming to protect nature
- cooking on stoves- production process
- breakdown of products
- nalgene- water is ACC pretty good in nature, but we have been told to carry our own water or purification
3. consuming to support saving nature
- financial benefits from partnerships that promote consumerism in the name of conservation
causesumerism
consumerism for a cause
participatory ecological approach
Definition: people interact with and develop relation to dynamic environments
- meant to imply that people participate in shaping diverse environments and landscapes and vise versa
- human development, activity, and experience in relation with environment that always already social and biophysical (no land untouched in past or future)
Examples: Great barrier reef, mnt everest
Strategies for Tech in Outdoors (Kraalingen 2023)
- online journals and blogs
- recordings and photography
- reflection activities
Mitigation (kraaligen)
- limiting the use of mobile technology to that which clearly aligns with the lesson plan
- avoid normalizing the use of technology in outdoor education and minimize it where it is not in service of educational objectives
- uncritical use may negatively affect the learning experience
Intentionality (Kraalengen)
- importance of educators practices being guided by values and principles in order for them to deliver their objectives and outputs in a meaningful way
- tech devices may become focus of the activity
- evaluate the underlying messages that the use of equipment will convey to participants
-
Adaptation (Kraalingen)
- minimize use of technology when it does not serve the pedagogical objectives
- to avoid uncritical employment of mobile technology- align any use to the pedagogical intentions
- when using mobile technologies, consider interactive, collaborative, and creative tasks that maintain focus on learning experience, not on tech
- hold space for reflection on the learning experience and the role of mobile technology as learning tool - which can help evaluate and mitigate unintended neg outcomes
Kid bike riding (Embodiment)
- embodiment: the self and the environment are sensed, experienced, and embodied relationally as coherent and meaningful entities or life-worlds
Metanarrative
a narrative account that experiments with or explores the idea of storytelling, often by drawing attention to its own artificiality.
Language - decolonizing
- using folks or everyone rather than guys
- interpersonal rather than soft skills
- not infantilising with boys or girls for men and women
intertextuality
- make individual connections among discourses we hear and are hearing
- the ways in which learners encode their interpretations reflect readings of other texts
-
rhizome
an underground stem that sends out roots and shoots allowing for non-hierarchical, decentralized growth
- a non-linear, interconnected, and multiplicitous system
- knowledge is best represented as a network with multiple entry and exit points, where ideas can connect and diverge in non-linear fashion.
- encourages exploration, diversity, and connectivity in the process of acquiring knowledge
Tree of Knowledge
- represent hierarchical and structured system of knowledge
- clear lineage and organization of information, with central trunk representing a foundational core
- reflects traditional, hierarchical approaches to organizing and representing information
- linear progression- one ideas builds upon another in structured manner
- associated with traditional educational systems and linear forms of learning
decolonization
the unsettling agenda of dismantling colonization and all its forms
- turning both towards colonial knowledges (to critique them) and away from them (to amplify other ways of knowing and being)
racialized outdoor leisure identities (Martin 2004)
- likelihood of discrimination varies by location (increases when you go outside the home)
Lesiure Socialization
Process by which indiviuals learn and internalize values, norms, and behaviours associated with leisure activities
- family traditions
- cultural and ethnic influences
- peer groups
- media and pop culture
- education
- workplace
- social norms and expectations
- civic and community involvement
- gender roles and expectations
Privileges of FA
- get to name the climb
problems with naming FA
heteropatriarchy and white supremacy
- easier to get to the top first when you have access, time, gear, money, training, travel, and mobility
- think about women having children, taking care of family, societal expectations
Colonialism
- ability to claim/name just cause u got there first
Commodification
- when objects (goods, services, knowledge, subjects) are provided and represented for market transaction
- turning something into a commodity- something with economic value
examples:
- commercialization of natural resources, sale of cultural products like art or music, intellectual property rights, etc
economic rationalist approach
- emphasizes the importance of market forces, individual choices, minimal gov. intervention in economic decision making
- can lead to income inequality, social injustice etc
Carrying capacity
- max number of recreationists that a given area can accommodate without having a negative impact on the environment or the experience of the other recreationists
- physical: built env.
- ecological: biological impact
- psychological: experience
invasion and succession
-seeking high level of isolation and communication with nature can no longer get satisfaction in many developing campground areas
- will move on to more primitive sites, with less experienced campers taking their spots
- the movement by primative campers to less developed spaces, may cause development in those spaces, and attract the less experienced campers
Wilderness is Distanced from and damaged by society
- people see themselves as separate from nature
- describes the nature-culture dichotomy
- people don't recognize their individual responsibility for natures wellness
Principles of Participatory Ecological ethic
1. not the first or only one here, and wont be last. Learn from and respect those you meet
2. choose the stories that motivate and shape trips, and that you tell about trips and settings
3. learn and use ecologically responsive and responsible tech. to travel along environmental flows
4. attend to surroundings, not devices, use tech to engage more
5. fuel journey responsibly - you consume, not human powered
6. use economies to positively impact communities in and around route
7. support and improve social and environmental stewardship and justice
8. reduce consumption and increase accessibility - share equipment and clothing
LNT and Imperialism
- ties LNt to broader issues of social justice, historical injustices, and the need for inclusive and respectful engagement with natural environments
- the importance of acknowledging historical contexts and working towards more equitable and sustainable practice in outdoor rec
Wayfaring (Ingold)
- wandering, learning, encounters
- NOT destination oriented
Components of outdoor education (Kraalingen)
- learning to cooperate with others
- solution-oriented thinking
- developing self-confidence
- personal and social development
Three components of Outdoor education (Priest)
- primarily in the outdoors
- focuses on physical skills
- about relationships with nature
theory of affordance (Gibson)
- any new tool has both positive and negative uses