statistics
statistics
set of mathematical procedure for organizing,summarizing, and interpreting information
population
set of all the individuals of interesting in a particular study
population
set of all the individuals of interesting in a particular study
sample
set of individuals selected from a population
variable
characteristic or condition that changes or has different value for different individuals
parameter
value of numbers that describe a population
statistic
value usually a numerical value that descruves a sample
data
measurement or observation
descriptive statistics
procedure used to summarize organize and simplify data
interferial statistics
techniques that alloe us to study samokes and then make generalization about population
sampling error
discrepancy that occurs naturally and exist between a selection statistic and the corresponding population parameter
correlation method
technique wherein two different variables are observed to determine wheter they are related
experimental method
technique in which one variable is manipulated whike another variable is observed and measured
independent variable
something manipulated by the researcher
dependent variable
observed to assess rhe effect of the treatment
control condition
group that does not receive tge experimental treatment
nonequivalent groups study
research in which collections of participants are formed without the researcher controlling assignment
pre post study
evaluating of a treatments effect by comparing observations before and after the treatment
experimental condition
individuals in this group do receive the experimentak treatment
quasi independent variable
group of scores that are examined for theur influences on a dependent variable
constructs
internak attribute or characteristics that cannot be directly observed
operational definition
explanation describes a contructs in terms of how it is measured
operational definition
explanation describes a construct in terms of how it is measured
discrete variable
scale consisting of separate indivisuble categories
continuous variable
scale for which there ate an infinite number of possible values
real limits
boundaries of interval for scores that are represented on a continuous number line
upper real limit
boundaries that separates an interval from the next higher interval
lower real limit
boundary that separates an interval frim the next smaller interval
ordinal scale
set of categories that are ranked in terms of size or magnitude
interval scale
ordered categories that are all scaped exactly the same size
histogram
the bars touches
frequency
dots
bar graph
bars dont touches
mean
average is the mathematical center of a distribution of scores
m=Ex/n
to find the mean
n
first have to count the x then add them which is Ex then divide and thats the mean
medium
our middle score you have to organize the number to find the medium
mode
the number that repets the most in a graph the higrr number
bimodal
when there is two mode
frequency distribution
tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on an organized scale
range
distance frim the highest score to the lowest score
url
upper real limit
lrl
lower real limit
deviation score
x-mean
range
high score - low score +1
bar graph
chart showing a rectangle above each score corresponds to the frequency
symmetrical distribution
occurance wherein it is possible to bisect a set of scores
tail
section wherein the scores taper off toward one end of a scale
skewed distribution
occura ce of the scores tending to pile up towards one end of a scale
positive skewed
occurance wherein scores pile up on the left side of a scale
tails of distribution
section in either side of a scale where the frequency taper down towards 0
rank
percentage of individuals in the distribution with scores at or below the particular value
percentile
scores that is identified by its relative position in a distribution
repeated measures research design
study wherein the scores are all obtained from the same group of paticipants
grouped frequency
chary wherein scores are collected into intervals rather than as individual values
polygon
graph consisting of a line that connects a series of dots
apparent limit
values of scorss that are the highest and lowest in an interval
histogram
graph showing a bar above each scores or interval
class interval
grouped of scores in a group frquency distribution
relative frequency
proportion of the total distribution rather than the total number of times the erent occurrd