CHAPTER 3: TYPICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (PART 1)
Based from CLINICIAN’S OBJECTIVE OBSERVATION.
Signs
is the SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES of the PATIENT.
Symptoms
Disturbance of Consciousness
____________ is PERCEPTION MODIFIED by a PERSON’S OWN EMOTIONS and THOUGHTS.
Apperception
Disturbance of Consciousnes
What is the state of COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING of the SPECIAL SENSES, sometimes used as a SYNONYM for CONSCIOUSNESS?
Sensorium
DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS are most OFTEN ASSOCIATED with what?
Brain pathology
Disturbance of Consciousnes
DISORIENTATION involves a DISTURBANCE IN ORIENTATION related to which of the following?
Time, place, or person
CLOUDING OF CONSCIOUSNESS is characterized by which of the following?
Incomplete clear-mindedness with disturbances in perception and attitudes
Disturbance of Consciousnes
What term refers to a LACK OF REACTION to and UNAWARENESS of SURROUNDINGS?
Stupor
It was characterized as RESTLESS, CONFUSED, and DISORIENTED REACTION WITH FEAR and HALLUCINATIONS
Delirium
Which term describes a state of profound UNCONSCIOUSNESS?
Coma
COMA VIGIL, also known as AKINETIC MUTISM, refers to a condition in which the patient:
Appears awake with eyes open but cannot be aroused
What term refers to a DISTURBED CONSCIOUSNESS WITH HALLUCINATIONS?
Twilight state
A DREAMLIKE STATE is often used as a SYNONYM for which of the following conditions?
Complex partial seizure or psychomotor epilepsy
SOMNOLENCE refers to:
Abnormal drowsiness
CONFUSION is a DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS characterized by:
Inappropriate reactions to environmental stimuli and disordered orientation
What term refers to a state of IMPAIRED AWARENESS ASSOCIATED with a DESIRE or INCLINATION TO SLEEP?
Drowsiness
SUNDOWNING, also known as SUNDOWNER’S SYNDROME, is characterized by which of the following?
Drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, and falling, usually occurring at night in older persons
also known as SUNDOWNER’S SYNDROME characterized by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, and falling, usually occurring at night in older persons
Sundowning
also known as AKINETIC MUTISM, refers to a condition in which the patient: Appears awake with eyes open but cannot be aroused
Coma Vigil
What term refers to the AMOUNT of EFFORT EXERTED in FOCUSING on certain portions of an EXPERIENCE and the ABILITY to CONCENTRATE and sustain a focus on ONE ACTIVITY?
Attention
DISTRACTABILITY is characterized by which of the following?
Inability to concentrate and attention drawn to irrelevant external stimuli
SELECTIVE INATTENTION refers to:
Blocking out only those things that generate anxiety
Refers to EXCESSIVE ATTENTION and FOCUS on ALL INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STIMULI, usually due to DELUSIONAL or PARANOID STATES
Hypervigilance
FOCUSED ATTENTION and ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS, often SEEN in HYPNOSIS and RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES
Trance
DISINHIBITION refers to:
Removal of an inhibitory effect, leading to loss of control over impulses
Refers to REMOVAL of an INHIBITORY EFFECT that permits persons to LOSE CONTROL of IMPULSES as
OCCURS in ALCOHOL INTOXICATION.
Disinhibition
What term refers to a COMMUNICATED EMOTIONAL ILLNESS between TWO OR THREE PERSONS?
Folie à deux (or folie à trois)
An ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED MODIFICATION of CONSCIOUSNESS with HEIGHTENED SUGGESTIBILITY
Hypnosis
What term refers to a complex feeling state that includes PSYCHIC, SOMATIC, and BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS RELATED to MOOD?
Emotion
it is characterized by a FULL RANGE of EMOTIONS EXPRESSED in HARMONY WITH THOUGHTS or SPEECH
Appropriate affect
Refers to EXPRESSION of EMOTION as OBSERVED by OTHERS, WITH OUTWARD MANIFESTATIONS
Affect
Refers to DISHARMONY between EMOTIONAL FEELING TONE and ACCOMPANYING THOUGHTS or SPEECH
Inappropriate affect
An EMOTIONAL RESPONSE that are OUT OF CONTEXT.
Inappropriate affect
What term describes the ABSENCE or NEAR ABSENCE of any SIGNS of EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION, WITH a MONOTONOUS VOICE and IMMOBILE FACE?
Flat affect
is characterized by a SEVERE REDUCTION in the INTENSITY of EXTERNALIZED FEELING TONE
Blunted affect
Which term refers to a REDUCTION in the intensity of FEELING TONE that is LESS SEVERE than BLUNTED AFFECT?
Restricted or constricted affect
it was characterized by RAPID and ABRUPT CHANGES in AFFECTIVE EXPRESSION, UNRELATED to EXTERNAL STIMULI
Labile affect
is a Scientific term DESCRIBING LACK of EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY (AFFECT DISPLAY) on the part of an individual.
Blunted affect
What term describes AFFECTIVE EXPRESSION characterized by RAPID and ABRUPT CHANGES, UNRELATED to EXTERNAL STIMULI?
Labile affect
MOOD is best defined as:
A pervasive and sustained emotion, subjectively experienced and reported by the patient
it is a PATHOLOGICAL EXPRESSION of LAUGHTER, CRYING or SMILING.
Labile affect
characterized by a FEELING of UNPLEASANTNESS or DISCOMFORT; a MOOD of GENERAL DISSATISFACTION and RESTLESSNESS.
Dysphoric mood
A person suffering from _________ mood is AFFLICTED with a general feeling of UNHAPPINESS.
Dysphoric
it is a NORMAL RANGE of mood, IMPLYING ABSENCE of DEPRESSED or ELEVATED MOOD
Euthymic mood
What term describes the EXPRESSION of feelings WITHOUT RESTRAINT, often WITH AN OVERESTIMATION of their SIGNIFICANCE?
Expansive mood
An IRRITABLE MOOD is characterized by:
A tendency to be easily annoyed and provoked to anger
Refers to OSCILLATION of a person’s EMOTIONAL FEELING TONE between EUPHORIA and DEPRESSION
Mood swings
An AIR of CONFIDENCE and ENJOYMENT, MORE CHEERFUL than normal but NOT necessarily pathological
Elevated mood
What term refers to an EXAGGERATED FEELING of well-being that is often INAPPROPRIATE to REAL EVENTS?
Euphoria
A DESIRABLE and NATURAL OCCURRENCE when it RESULTS from HAPPY or EXCITING EVENTS.
Euphoria
it refers to feeling of INTENSE RAPTURE.
Ecstasy
it is a PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL FEELING of SADNESS. It can be CAUSED by MENTAL TRAUMA, ILLNESS or GENETIC PREDISPOSITION.
Depression
Characterized by LOSS of INTEREST in and WITHDRAWAL from ALL REGULAR and PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES; often ASSOCIATED with DEPRESSION.
Anhedonia
People with have an INCREDIBLY FLAT MOOD. They CAN’T REACT PROPERLY or FEEL ANYTHING.
Anhedonia
What term refers to an ALTERATION of MOOD and AFFECT consisting of SADNESS APPROPRIATE to REAL LOSS?
Grief or Mourning
Best described as the INABILITY to IDENTIFY and VERBALLY DESCRIBE EMOTIONS and feelings in ONESELF and OTHERS
Alexithymia
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) is commonly USED to refer to:
Free-floating anxiety
it refers to SEVERE, PERVASIVE, GENERALIZED ANXIETY that is NOT ATTACHED to any particular IDEA, OBJECT, or EVENT
Free-floating anxiety
FEAR is best described as:
Anxiety caused by consciously recognized and realistic danger
Refers to SEVERE ANXIETY associated with MOTOR RESTLESSNESS
Agitation
TENSION is characterized by:
A state of mental or emotional strain or suspense that seeks relief through action
Refers to a state of INDIFFERENCE and SUPPRESSION of EMOTIONS like CONCERN, EXCITEMENT, and MOTIVATION
Apathy
What term describes an ACUTE, INTENSE ATTACK of ANXIETY associated with OVERWHELMING FEELINGS of DREAD and AUTONOMIC DISCHARGE?
Panic
During a PANIC ATTACK, what PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS may occur?
Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness
Is best described as COEXISTENCE of TWO OPPOSING IMPULSES toward the SAME THING in the SAME PERSON at the SAME TIME
Ambivalence
AMBIVALENCE is EXPERIENCED as PSYCHOLOGICALLY UNPLEASANT WHEN:
Both positive and negative aspects of a subject are present in a person’s mind simultaneously
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES associated with mood refer to:
Signs of somatic dysfunction in a person
It is defined as LOSS of or DECREASE IN APPETITE
Anorexia
Which of the following best describes the EATING DISORDER ANOREXIA?
Low body weight, body image distortion, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight
What term refers to an INCREASE in APPETITE and PATHOLOGICAL OVEREATING?
Hyperphagia
HYPERPHAGIA is thought to be associated with:
Lesion or injury in the hypothalamus
INSOMNIA is best described as:
A lack of or diminished ability to sleep
What term refers to DIFFICULTY in FALLING ASLEEP at the BEGINNING of the NIGHT?
Initial insomnia
MIDDLE INSOMNIA refers to:
Waking up frequently during the night and having difficulty returning to sleep
TERMINAL INSOMNIA refers to:
Early-morning awakening
What term refers to EXCESSIVE SLEEPING?
Hypersomnia
HYPERSOMNIA is characterized by:
Recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleep or prolonged nighttime sleep
Refers to a PATTERN of FEELING WORSE DURING a particular PART of the DAY
Diurnal variation
In DIURNAL VARIATION, MOOD is OFTEN WORST:
Immediately after awakening, and improves as the day progresses
Refers to INABILITY or DIFFICULTY IN DEFECATING
Constipation
DIMINISHED LIBIDO refers to:
Decreased sexual interest, drive, and performance
PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES of DIMINISHED LIBIDO include:
Stress, loss of privacy, or intimacy issues
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS that can LEAD to DIMINISHED LIBIDO may include:
Prolonged exposure to elevated sound levels or bright light
What is MOTOR BEHAVIOR?
Aspect of the psyche including impulses, drives, and cravings, as expressed by a person’s motor activity
It refers to PATHOLOGICAL IMITATION of MOVEMENTS of ONE PERSON by ANOTHER
Echopraxia
CATATONIA is often seen in which condition?
Catatonic schizophrenia and some brain diseases
CATALEPSY refers to:
General immobile position constantly maintained
Best described as AGITATED, PURPOSELESS MOTOR ACTIVITY, UNINFLUENCED by EXTERNAL STIMULI
Catatonic
it is markedly SLOWED ACTIVITY, often to the point of immobility and SEEMING UNAWARENESS of SURROUNDINGS
Catatonic stupor
Refers to voluntary assumption of a RIGID POSTURE, held AGAINST ALL EFFORTS to be MOVED
Catatonic rigidity
Characterized by voluntary assumption of an INAPPROPRIATE or BIZARRE POSTURE, generally MAINTAINED for LONG PERIODS
Catatonic posturing
CEREA FLEXIBILITAS (WAXY FLEXIBILITY) refers to:
A person being molded into a position that is then maintained
It is defined as LACK of PHYSICAL MOVEMENT, often SEEN in CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA;may also occur as an EXTRAPYRAMIDAL ADVERSE effect of ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION.
Akinesia
Refers to MOTIVELESS RESISTANCE to ALL ATTEMPTS to be MOVED or to ALL INSTRUCTIONS
Negativism
Characterized by TEMPORARY LOSS of MUSCLE TONE and WEAKNESS PRECIPITATED by emotional states
Cataplexy
STEREOTYPY refers to:
Repetitive fixed pattern of physical action or speech
MANNERISM is best described as:
Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement
AUTOMATISM refers to:
Automatic performance of an act or acts generally representing unconscious symbolic activity
COMMAND AUTOMATISM, also known as AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE, refers to:
Automatic following of suggestions
it is defined as VOICELESSNESS WITHOUT STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
Mutism