Medical terminology - respiratory system
is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
respiratory system
is essential for life
oxygen
waste product of gas exchange
carbon dioxide
its the process in which oxygen enriched air are carried from the atmosphere to the lungs, and the carbon dioxide are released in the atmosphere
breathing/ventilation
what does breathing regulates in the body
acidity/alkalinity of the blood
stable internal environment of the body
homeostasis
tasteless, colorless, odorless gas exchange produced by body cells during metabolism
carbon dioxide
tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cartilage
minute, hairlike structures than extend from the surface of a cell
cilia
its when the cilia in the trachea moves particles upward to the pharynx
cilia escalator
to move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
diffuse
tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
oxygen
symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
pH
is acid less than 7 or more than 7?
less than 7
alkaline is more than 7, 7 is neutral, and less than 7 is acid. True or false?
true
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist
serous membrane/serosa
ser
serum
a chamber lined with mucous membrane and tiny hairs
nasal cavity
vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides
nasal septum
are receptors for the sense of smell
olfactory neurons
a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air
pharynx/throat
three sections of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
section of the pharynx that is posterior to the nose
nasopharynx
section of the pharynx posterior to the mouth
oropharynx
section of the pharynx superior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
collection of lymphoid tissue
adenoids
protects the opening of the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt to enter the route
palatine tonsils/tonsils
structures that makes vocal sounds
larynx/voice box
leaf shaped structure on top of the larynx, seals the passage to the lungs during swallowing
epiglottis
what joins the pharynx ith the trachea
larynx
is composed of smooth muscle with C-shaped rings of cartilage
trachea
2 branches in the trachea
bronchi
the bronchi leads to the left and right lungs, respectively. True or false
true
smaller branches orf bronchus
bronchioles
are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
alveoli
like a small balloon. it expands and contracts as air passes
alveolus
lies next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli
pulmonary capillaries
the lungs are divided into 3 lobes. True or false?
false. the right lung are three lobes; the left lung are two lobes
the space between the left and right lung
mediastinum
contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi
mediastinum
serous membrane that covers the lobes of the lungs and folds on the walls of the thoracic cavity.
pleura
membrane lying closest to the lung
visceral pleura
membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
space between visceral and parietal pleura
pleural cavity
contains lubricating fluid allowing both pleura to slide over each other
pleural cavity
large muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavity
diaphragm
inspiration or expiration: diaphragm contracts allowing air into the lungs
inspiration
inspiration or expiration, diaphragm relaxes and air leaves the lungs
expiration
assists the diaphragm in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity and elevating or lowering the ribcage
intercostal muscle
is the process by which oxygen is taken from air and carried to body cells to be used. carbon dioxide and water are carried to the lungs and returned to the environment.
pulmonary respiration
a largely involuntary action that moves air in and out of the lungs depending to the oxygen and carbon dioxide changes in the blood
pulmonary ventilation/breathing
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood
external respiration
movement of O2 to body cells aand CO2 to the lungs
transport of respiratory gases
exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood in systemic capillaries
internal respiration
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
nasal
pertaining to the nose
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
sept/o
septum
septoplasty
surgical repair of the septum
sinus/o
sinus or cavity
sinusotomy
incision in the sinus
pharyng/o
pharynx or throat
pharyngoscope
instrument for examining the pharynx
adenoids
adenoid/o
adenoidectomy
excision or removal of adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
peritonsillar
pertaining to around the tonsils
epiglott/o
epiglottis
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx or voice box
laryngoplegia
paralysis
trache/o
trachea/windpipe
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the trachea
bronchi/o
bronchus or bronchi
bronchiectasis
dilation or expansion of the brochus
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchoscope
instrument for examining the bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus or air sac
alveolar
pertaining to
pleur/o
pleura
pleuroscopy
visual examination of the pleura
pneum/o
air or lung
pneumon/o
air or lung
pneumolith
stone in the lung
pneumonia
condition of the lungs
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonologist
specialist in the study of the lungs
anthrac/o
coal or coal dust
anthracosis
abnormal condition in which there is an increase of carbon or coal
atel/o
incomplete or imperfect
atelectasis or collapsed lung
incomplete dilation or expansion
coni/o
dust
pneumoconiosis
is an abnormal condition or increase of dust particle in the lung
cyan/o
blue
cyanosis
abnormal condition in which structures turns blue dues to lack of oxygen
lob/o
lobe
lobectomy
excision of the lobe
orth/o
straight
orthopnea
straight breathing
ox/o
oxygen
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in the blood
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
pectoralgia
pain in the chest
stethoscope
instrument for examining the chest
thoracopathy
disease of the chest
phren/o
diaphragm or mind
phrenospasm
involuntary contraction or twitching of the diaphragm
spir/o
breath
spirometer
instrument for measuring breathing
-capnia
carbon dioxide
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide
-osmia
smell
anosmia
without sense of smell
-phonia
voice
dysphonia
bad or painful in the muscle when producing sound
-pnea
breathing
apnea
not breathing
-ptysis
spitting
hemoptysis
spitting of blood
-thorax
chest
hemothorax
blood in the chest
brady-
slow
bradypnea
slow breathing
dys-
bad, painful
dyspnea
painful breathing
eu-
good or normal
tachy-
rapid
thoracodynia
chest pain
respiratory disorders starts as acute but become chronic overtime
true
pulmonology
medical specialty concern with disorders of the respiratory system
respiratory disorders that produce chronic partial obstruction of the air passages
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What are the 3 major disorders of COPD?
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
spasm in the bronchial passages
brochospasms
sudden and violent
paroxysmal
disease that produces spasms in the bronchial passages that are sudden and violent
asthma
coughing produces large amount of mucus
productive cough
flaring up of a structure
exacerbations
treatment of asthma
agents for breaking down mucus and medications to promote expansion of the bronchi
what are agents that break down mucos called?
mucolytics
medications that expands the bronchi
bronchodilators
severe asthma
status asthmaticus
How many levels of COPD severity
4
inflammation of the bronchi because of smoking and air polution
chronic bronchitis
characterized by swelling of the mucosa and heavy productive cough with chest pain
chronic brochitis
medication for the removal of mucus
expectorants
prescribed treatment for chronic bronchitis
steroids
disease characterized by the decreased elasticity of the alveoli. Alveoli are unable to contract which makes exhalation impossible. "barrel-chested" appearance
emphysema
orthopnea
shortness of breath when lying flat and relieved if sitting
inflammatory condition affecting the lungs and the alveoli
pneumonia
pneumonia thru inhalation
aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia that is caused by a bacteria and affects a lobe of the lungs. it is a primary pneumonia
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia centered in the bronchi and surrounding alveoli; secondary pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
pneumonia with AIDS
pneumocystis pneumonia
organism that becomes infectious upon compromised immune system
opportunistic organism
signs and symptoms of pneumonia
thoracodynia
dyspnea
hemoptysis
coughing up sputum
condition in which the lung does not function effectively
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
infections that affects the entire body
systemic infection
sepsis
infection of the blood
fill with fluid
edema
respiratory distress syndrome in infants
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
substance that keeps alveoli open
surfactants
nares
flaring of the nostrils
fluid in the alveoli
alveolar consolidation
malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree.
lung cancer or brochogenic carcinoma
abnormal sounds from the lungs and airways. Also called adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds
also called rale. Intermittent sound when air entered moisture-filled alveoli
crackle
Continous sound while breathing, sounds like snoring
rhonchus
high-pitched harsh sound because of spasm of swollen larynx.
stridor
whistling sound
wheeze
excessing acidity of the body fluids
acidosis
no sense of smell
anosmia
sleep apnea; breathing stops while sleeping; resulting in blood deoxygenation
apnea
type of sleep apnea where the brain cant stimulate breathing muscle; brief pauses in breathing
central apnea or CSA
most common sleep apnea; caused by upper airway blockage
obstructive apnea
when central and obstructive apnea occurs simultaneously
mixed apnea
collapsed or airless state of the lungs; acute or chronic
atelectasis
atel
incomplete
ectasis
dilation or expansion
rhinitis; inflammation of the membrane of the nose
coryza
childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and lungs
croup
genetic disease that makes mucus so sticky
cystic fibrosis
cyst
bladder
displacement of the cartilage that causes nosebleed
deviated nasal septum
infection of the epiglottis; 2-12
epiglottitis
nose bleed or nasal hemorrhage
epistaxis
oxygen deficiency in the blood
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in region of the body; cause cyanosis
hypoxia
flu; acute contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract
influenza
whooping cough; cough with whoop sounf=d
pertussis
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
exudative effusion characterized by pus in the pleural cavity; bacterial pneumonia; pyothorax
empyma
presence of air in the pleural cavity because of trauma
pneumothorax
inflammation of the pleural membrane; stabbing pain when coughing or breathing; pleuritis
pleurisy
-isy
state or condition
caused by heart failure; extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli
pulmonary edema
blockage of a mass in the artery of the lungs
pulmonary embolism
embol
plug
crib death; unexpected death of an infant less than 12 months
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
contagious disease spread through droplets
tuberculosis
tubercul
little swelling
tb test where a tuberculin purified protein derivative is injected right below the skin
mantoux test
method in monitoring hemoglobin; pulse oximetry
oximetry
direct observation of the person's sleep cycle using electroencephalograms or EEGs
polysomnography
series of test to aid in diagnosis of lung disease and evaluate treatments
pulmonary function tests or PFTs
PFT that measure how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs
spirometry
visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope
brochoscopy
visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinal structures; heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus and others
mediastinoscopy
test to measure dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
arterial blood gas or ABG
microbial test to identify disease causing organisms in the lower respiratory tract
sputum culture
measurement of salt in sweat
sweat test
test to identify pathogens
throat culture
radiographic test to identify lung conditions
chest x-ray
imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography
computed tomography pulmonary angiography or CTPA
angi/o
vessel
pulmon/o
lung
nuclear test to evaluation airflow and bloodflow
ventilation perfusion or VQ scan
excision of part of the pleura or parietal pleura
pleurectomy
excision of the lungs or portion of th elungs
pneumonectomy
surgical repain of a deviated nasal septum
septoplasty
surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; pleurocentesis
thoracentesis
procedure of making an opening in the neck into the trachea where a breathing tube is inserted
tracheostomy
lungs treatment using techniques to deliver medications
aerosol therapy
what are the different techniques
nebulizer mist treatments or NMTs
metered-dose inhalers
dry powder inhalers
irigating the paranasal sinuses to remove material in patient with sinusitis
antral lavage
plastic tube is insnerted into the trachea
endotracheal intubation
positioning a ptient so gravity helps in drainage of secretions from the bronchi
postural drainage
destroy the growth of bacteria by disrupting the membrane
antibiotics
block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites
antihistamines
relieve or supppress couging by blocking the cough reflex
antitussives
stimulate bronchial muscle to relax
bronchodilators
block the production of substance thst triggers allergic and inflammatory actions
corticosteroids
constrict blood vessels of nasal passages
decongestants
liquefy respiratory secretions
expectorants
ABG
arterial blood gas
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CT
computed tomography
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
CXR
chest x-ray; chest radiograph
DPI
dry powder inhaler
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
EEG
electroencephalogram
Hb; Hgb
hemoglobin
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
NMT
nebulizer mist treatment
O2
oxygen
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
Pco2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician
PFT
pulmonary function test
pH
degree of acidity
Po2
partial pressur eof oxygen
PPD
purified protein derivative
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tubercolosis
URI
upper respiratory infection