certain conditions do come from your genes yet the environment affects the expression of your genes has a much greater impact on determining health outcomes.
diet and lifestyle can trigger the expression of good genes and suppress bad genes or VICE VERSA dependong on if you have a healthy diet or unhealthy diet
100 toxins or more in our bloodstream
a single nutrient or a combo of synergistic nutrients that can either be extracted from food sources or man-made
components of enzymes and coenzymes.
"natural" is not regulated and can mean very little terms of quality.
put on lots of labels yet unguaranteed where if scgually comes from (whole foods?)
natural supplement
provides a low dose of nutrients
good for maintence but not for therapeutic doses which are higher than what is found in whole foods
created in a lab
look for fillers (ex: gluten, GM corn, soy, and vitamin C)
derived from food or animals that were certified organic
a mineral bound to another molecule (typically amino acids) that helps to facilitate the absorption of ions.
some nutrients need help facilitating absorption into the gut.
release nutrients over a period of time
fillers and additives slow this down which isnt the most healthy
used with water-soluble vitamins because they are excreted in urine relatively quickly
commonly used in the measurment of vitamins
the CONCENTRATION OR POTENCY of the substance is what determines the volume or mass that makes up one International Unit and it may vary from substance to substance depending on what is being measured
when we need an extra boost or if the diet is not robust enough in nutrients
to detoxify our bodies from chemicals (use of pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics and hormones) through the use of therapeutic doses.
more stress we are under the more nutrients we need
stripped increasing amounts of nutrients from the soil in which the food we eat grows.
food used to be locally grown and now it comes from hundreds and thousands of miles away. exposure to air and time depletes fresh produce of nutrients
the digestive tract is the place where we process nutrients. if someone has a GI disorder causing diarrhea, they are always excreting nutrients. if someone lacks enzymes, they cant get benefits from the food they are eating becuase their bodies struggle to assimulate the nutrients
cooking depletes valuble nutrients from the food you eat
1. manufactured at a good manufacturing practice
2. list a Certificate of Analysis for each ingredient
3. transparency in labelling both active and inactive
4. look for seals of approval from respected third party organizations
5. deemed safe by Health Canada with an eight-digit Natural Product Number (NPN)
fillers - increase bulk
binders - cohesive qualities to powder materials
coatings / lubricants - prevent tablets from sticking to their moulds
colourings - food dyes
flavourings - ex. sugar, natural flavouring, sorbitol
- organic food based multivitamin (iron free unless there is a confirmed deficency)
- vitamin D (during winter months can discontinue in summer months if the child spends lots of time outside)
- Essential Fatty Acids (EPA & DHA)
- Probiotics
- Age specific multivitamin and mineral without iron (unless a deficiency is present)
- B complex and B12
- Essential Fatty Acids
- Probiotics
- Vitamin D
- Magnesium at night
- Folate
- Choline
- Age specific multivitamin and mineral without iron (unless deficient)
- Essential Fatty Acids (EPA & DHA)
- Vitamin D
- Magnesium at night
- Probiotics
- illness / injury
- stress
- pregnant
- nursing
- dieting / calorie deficit
- drink alcohol on a regular basis
- smokers
- those with chronic exposure to toxins / pollutants
- those with poor digestion
- mental health disorders
- prescription meds users
- birth control users
- elderly people
1. blood thinners and Vitamin K can increase bleeding risk
2. thyroid meds and iron/calcium/magnesium can reduce effectiveness
3. omega 3 supplements and certain cancer drugs can reduce effectiveness
4. vitamin D can reduce effects of statins
5. vitamin C and estrogen or birth control due to it raising estrogen levels effects
A, D, E, and K
a group of fat-soluble compounds called RETINOIDS
Active Vitamin A: obtained from animal sources
Beta-Carotene: obtained from plant sources
lived
they require FAT for absorption
INEFFICIENT
you must eat 19 to 48x as much beta-carotene to obtain the same amount if retinol
- growth
- reproduction
- hwalthy skin
- vision
- cell differentitation
- immune function
- bone health
- proteins
- minerals
- and water soluble vitamins
heart
lungs
kidneys
and other vital organs
promotes full term pregnancy
proper development of fetus (particularly the facial structure)
measles
powerful antioxidant
cancer prevention
measles
AIDS
respiratory illnesses
- night blindness
- eye sensitivity to bright light
- bumpy skin on backs of arm
- dry hair
- increased susceptibility to to respiratory illnesses due to lowered immunity
- headsches (swelling of brain)
- dizziness
- nausea and vomiting
- liver enlargment
- flaky dry skin
- loss of appetite
supplementation- increased risk of lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease (especially in those who smoke and drink heavily)
fruit/veggies- skin discolouration (orangey tint)
- cod liver
- beef liver
- pasture taised chicken (not grain fed)
- pasture raised egg yolks
- sweet potato
- carrot
- pumpkin
- winter squash
- bell peppers
- mango
- cantalope
- dark leafy greens
FAT
2500-5000 UI
10,000 UI (for only 1-2 days max) daily usage for longer then a week can be toxic
15mg
up to 300 mg
vitamin D and K2 to mitigate risks
- pregnNt women (eat beta-carotene foods though)
- heavy drinkers with liver disease
- with retinol creams
- iron storage disorders
a compound that is converted into an active hormone
"sunshine hormone"
as well as a prohormone
15 mins
Ergocalciferol (D2) - less potent form found in plant sources
Cholecaliferol (D3) - found in animal sources, supplements, fortified foods and is also made in the body
D3
toxicity caused kidney failure from life threatening spikes of calcium and phosphorus levels
through sun exposure a cholesterol metabolite found in the skin is converted by UV light to D3, which is then converted to active vitamin D3
1. promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus while helping to regulate the normal calcification of bones in the body
2. a protective effect against some cancers, osteoporosis, hypertension, and several autoimmune diseases such as MS
3. vital role as a hormone in combating chronic inflammation
4. immune cells to function properly
diabetes
parkinsons
cold and flu
cardiovascular disease
asthma
cancer
cataracts
malformation of bones
muscle cramps
muscle weakness
osteoporosis
dental caries
rickets
insomnia
- cardiovascular disease
- cognitive impairmentin older adults
- severe asthma in children
- cancer
inflammation
obesity
old age
stress
excessive thirst
nausea
headaches
no
raises high levels of calcium in the blood to dangerous levels and can result in calcium being depositied into internal organs
every three months
must be under a qualified licensed healthcare provider
responsible for depositing calcium in the right places in the body, used together to strengthen bones and promitd health of the heart
no it is not in our scope
the most biologically active form of Vitamin E
helps prevent oxidative stress by working synergistically with vitamin C, glutathione, selenium and vitamin B3 to prevent oxygen molecules from becoming too reactive
helps prevent cataracts
helps with menopausal symptoms and breast pain in premenstraul women or fibrocystic breast disease
necessary for the production of sex hormones
- menopause
- fibrocystic breast disease
- diabetes
- heart disease
- stroke
- cancer
- wheat germ
- almonds
- sunflower seeds
- whole grains
- eggs
- liver
- peanuts
- brocolli
- spinach
- soybeans
premature aging
loss of coordination
poor skin conditions
brittle hair
myscle wasting
hemolytic anemia
intestinal cramps
diarrhea
fatigue
double vision
headache
muscle weakness
synthetic: l-alpha-tocopherol
natural: d-alpha-tocopherol, d-beta-tocopherol, d-gamma-tocopherol, d-delta-tocopherol
dont limit it to just a d-alpha and find one that has other natural tocotrienols
200-400 IU
up to 1200 IU
high blood pressure patients (talk to doctor and if okayed start slow and low)
K1- found in plants
K2- made by bacteria in the gut, also present in some fermented foods
K3- synthetic version
avoid synthetic K3
blood clotting roles
- essential in the chemical reaction that allows proteins to bind to calcium
anticolaugulant drugs
scavenging free radicals, and in preventing the oxidation of linoleic acid
hardening of the arteries
:. preventative of :
- cancer
- diabetes
- heart disease
- Osteoporosis
- certain cancers
2- fermented foods
1- leafy greens
uncontrollable bleeding
osteoporosis
bruising
internal bleeding from severe deficiencies
all babies are given a vitamin K shot at birth
blood clotting and thrombosis
kale
spinach
dandelion
parsley
broccoli
and other leafy greens / fermented food
men: 100-120mcg
women: 90-100mcg (including breastfeeding or nursing)
- anyone who takes more than 2500 IU of vitamin D a day
- those with a family history of or first symptoms of cardiovascular disease and/or osteoporosis
150-500mcg per day from food sources in not considered harmful
yes, they are not stored in the body for long
small intestine
heat
acidity
improper storage
decreases it
"ascorbic acid"
antioxidant required for normal growth and maintanence of most body tissues
small intestine
yet at very high intakes it can be absorbed in bith the stomsch and small intestine
heat
oxygen exposture
increased PH
immune system
&
collagen
iron
maintaining strong bones and teeth
cold and flu symptoms
blocking the formation of cancer-causing nitrosamines (produced in the stomach from nitrites)
lower LDL "bad" cholesterol levels and heighten HDL "good" cholesterol
:. preventing atherosclerosis
positive effects on pulmonary functions and respiratory systems in people engaging in heavy exercise
citrus fruits
guava
tomatoes
potatoes
strawberries
broccoli
mangoes
kiwi
peppers
dry hair
gingivitis
anemia
slow wound healing
weakened immune system
nosebleeds
Scurvy
diarhea
water retention and edema
gastritis
kidney failure
kidney stones
- blood thinners
- cholesterol lowering drugs
- antipsychotic drugs
under the care of a qualified practitioner
60-90mg to 2000mg
least exspensive but more acidic and can be harder on the stomach for sensitive people
highly absorbable form with added buffering minerals magnesium, calcium, and potassium to allow higher doses without stomach upset
form allows a much higher dose to be consumed without digestive side effects
buffered Vitamin C which also provides antioxidants and immune system support
enhance the absorption of Vitamin C
glucose to energy
fats and proteins
NS, Skin, Liver, Muscles, Hair and Eyes
stress on the body
synergistically, meaning they work together
together
B1 Thiamin
B2 Riboflavin
B3 Niacin
B5 Pantothenic acid
B6 Pyridoxine
B7 Biotin
B9 Folate
B12 Cobalamin
Thiamine
preventing and cure of Beriberi (a B1 deficiency disease)
forms part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) : essential for DNA synthesis, energy metabolism, and nerve function
also critical to the production of ATP
the heart, muscles, and NS
mitigates the damaging effects of high blood sugar in people with diabetes
the immune system
epilepsy
psychosis
alzheimers
diabetes
milk
eggs
lean organic meat
whole grain bread and cereals
legumes
nuts and seeds
muschrooms
brewers yeast
sunflower seeds
from a poor diet, alcoholism or poor gut absorption
smoking
antibiotics
oral contraceptive
antacids
sulfa drugs
people with HIV/AIDS
muscle weakness
pins and needles
tingling sensation of body
palpitations of the heart
lung congestion
forgetfulness
psychosis
confusion
no overdose of thiamine only allergic reactions
range of 50mg-5 grams
Vtiamin B1 : Thiamine
B2
Riboflavin
stable while cooking
destroyed by excessive exposure to light
co-enzymes needed for several chemical reactions involved in energy metabolism
ATP
eye health and normal vision
growth and repair of body tissues
migraine headaches
sickle cell anemia
migraine headsches
cataracts
animal liver
almonds
mushrooms
yogurt
fortified breakfast cereal
cottage cheese
tomatoes
spinach
pork
beef
deficient diet yet more commonly from difficulty absorbing it from food (GI tract problems :. chronic diarhea, inflammatory bowel disease)
cracks, sores or dryness around lips, nose and corners of mouth
red-purple inflamed tongue
swollem or a sore throat
toxicity is rare
yet may include sensations of burning or prickling, itching, and numbness
B3
Niacin
Digestive system
nervous system
ATP :. energy
&
Adrenochrome (chemical found in schizophrenics that said to have an LSD side effect on the body)
healthy skin
DNA damage
the detox process in releasing toxins
diabetes
high cholesterol
arthritis
raynauds
schizophrenia
allergies
fortified cereals and bread
chicken
beef liver
eggs
lamb
fish
tomatoes
muschrooms
raw rice bran
dairy
dried beans
Pellagra:
an illness characterized by neuro problems such as depression, anxiety, and irritability
result in rough skin, red skin, diarhea, swollen tongue and or even death
some niacin in the body comes from the conversion of tryptophan. therfore it may be due to a deficiency of tryptophan
muscle weakness
loss of appetitie
dry cracked and scaly skin
gi problems
poverty, malnutrition and alcoholism
peptic ulcers
skin rashes
dry skin
tingling burning sensation
headsches
nausea
vomiting
liver toxicity and damage
non flushing forms and flushing forms
no, rather divide the dose thorughout the day using a supplement with a lower amount per dose
severely low blood pressure
blood thinners
gout
gene mutations
Pantothenic acid
no
CoA is stored in the liver, heart, brain and adrenal glands
cause 70% of the vitamins to be lost
ATP:. energy
red blood cells and steroid hormones
the conversion of B5, needed for many essential chemical reactions in the body, invluding the synthesis of hotmones, the release of energy in addition to being required for metabolizing glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
hair loss
vitamin B5 pantothenic acid
adrenals
diabetes
high cholesterol
Rheumatoid arthritis
fortified cereals and bread, organ meats, peas, tuna, brewers yeast, eggs, sunflower seeds, coffee, broccoli, shitake muschrooms, avocado, and dairy products
uncommon due to widespread acailability of pantothenic acid
- numbness
- tingling in feet and legs
- fatigue
- insomnia
- abdominal cramps
- dwpression
- irritability
watersoluble :. less likely to accumulate in the body
- drowsiness
- fluid retention
- interferes with absorption of biotin
may interfere with antibiotics
alxheimers meds
blood thinning medication
pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine
more then 100 chemical reactions in the body
small intestine and circulated in the blood to the liver
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
unstable, depleted in foods when frozen for prolonged periods or heated at high temp
required for metabolism of proteins and amino acids
in addition to synthesizing nonessential amino acids from essential amino acids
the more protein you eat the more b6 you should intake
immune system production of antibodies
hemoglobin production
blood sugar regulation
reduce homocysteine levels
PMS
depression
mornjng sickness
asthma
autism
kidney stones
epilepsy
low immunity
cardiovascular disease
wilsons disease
fortified cereals and bread
chickpeas
tuna
beef liver
rice
bananas
potatoes
chicken
sweet pitato
pork
turnip
greens
spinach
sunflower seeds
uncommon
skin disorder
cracks / sores in lips, tongue or mouth
numbness of hands and feet
mental depression or confusion
neuro disorders
confusion
numbess
difficulty with coordination
sensory neuropathy
Biotin
obtained by food and also produced by bacteria in your GI tract in small amounts
stable when exposed to light, heat and air and in normal cooking
nutrient loss in canning or curing
glycogenesis
production of fat and the use of fatty acids in the body
healthy hair and nails
limits your abilities to produce glucose when carbs intake is low
diabetes
multiple sclerosis
bittoe hair and nails
dermatitis
peanuts
raw almonds
mushrooms
egg yolk
tomaotoes
salmon
avocado
legumes
walnut
rare
hair loss
nerve related symptoms
cradle cap in infants
brittle nails and hair
mental depression
insomnia
fatigue
muscle cramps
crohns disease
cleiac disease
leaky gut syndrome
anti seizure meds
consumption if raw egg whites :.
contains glycoprotein that binds to biotin and prevents its absorption by the body
no reports
gives false negatives and postives for lab tests (thyroid and heart attsck testing, infertility testing and tumor making testing
Folate (Folic acid)
rately found in food :. need synthetic form
Methyl Folate
they cannot complete the final metabolic step that converts folic acid to the active form meaning folic acid can remain unmetabolized in the blood
no, due to the steps it has to take to convert to the active form
sustaining life and proper growth and decelopment
methylation reactions
a key biochemicak process thag is essential for the proper function of nearly all of the bodys system and is key to controlling homocysteine
raised homocysteine levels and high homocysteine pevels increase the risk of heart disease and stroke
DNA
RNA
and healthy new cells in the body
neurological disorders:. deterioration of brain cells (alzheimers and parkinsons)
adequate intake os needed to protect against neural tube congenital disabilities in the fetus
amino acids
neural tube defects
osteoporosis
depression
crohns
ulcers
colitis
cervical neoplasia
high homocysteine levels
fortified breakfast cereal
turkey giblets
legumes
okra
enriched rice
beef liver
enriched pasta
dark green leafy veggies (best choice)
diarhea
grey hair
poor growth
fatigue
headsches
irregular heart function
neural tube defects
not common
nausea
loss of appetite
intestinal gas
interferes with detection of B12 deficiency
GI issues
insomnia
irritability
fatigue
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
methylfolate
or 5-MTHF
Cobalamin
it needs to combine with a protein made in the stomach called intrinsic fsctor to find its way from the intestinal tract into the blood stream where it can be utilized
aka IF
a protein made in the stomach
it cannot be absorbed by the body and deficiency will result
- maintains healthy nerves and skin
- energy production
- red blood cell formation
- creation of DNA
- metabolic processes of the body
megaloblastic anemia
depression
low sperm count
multiple sclerosis
AIDS
bells palsy
lou gehrig's disease
nutritional yeast
clams
oysters
crab
fortified cereal
animal liver
salmon
beef
lamb
cottage cheese
eggs
elderly
vegans
strict vegetarians
crohns disease, celiac disease, apcoholism, pernicious anemia
becuase when fhe body has reduced stomach acid, it has trouble absorbing B12.
mood disturbances
pale skin
heart palpitations
pernicious and megaloblastic anemia
loss of appetite
neuro symptoms (confusion, hallucinations, disorientation, tingling, numbness and mm weakness)
folic acid deficiency
results in extra folic beinh taken up and reducing B12 levels more
no known toxicity
active
coenzyme form of B12
best for those with genetic disorders or SNPs that impair methylation
helpful for those with mitochondrial issues
avoid this form
recommend : methylcobalamin
avoid: cyanocobalamin
both play an essential role in the maintenance of the bodys metabolic function and growth
different due to minerals being elements
no, you only need about 4% of a persons weight in minerals
calcium
potassium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
sulphur
cobalt
zinc
iron
chlorine
copper
manganese
molybdenum
selenium
iodine
calcium
formation of bones
blood clotting
healthy blood pressure
osteoporosis
insomnia
muscle cramps
rickets
poor growth
excessive caffeine and pack of vitamin D
sesame seeds
soybeans
tofu
salmon
beef liver
dried beans
green leafy veggies
walnuts
sardines
dairy products
calcium citrate
calcium carbonate (not absorbed well and may contain pevels of lead)
chromium
hypoglycemia
elevated blood sugar
insulin levels in diabetes
sugar and starches and may be overweight
meat
shellfish
whole grain cereals
brewers yeast
clams
Iodine
formation of muscles
skeletal system
skin
endocrine system
metabolism
under active thyroid
low energy
fatigue
slow metabolism
depression
anxiety
weight gain
swelling in an attempt to pull in as much iodine from the bloodstream as possible
AKA GOITRE
brain damage and autism
sea veggies (kelp)
sea salt
seafood
iron
iron deficiency anemia
lack of energy
dizziness
pale skin
bruising
increases: Vitamin C
decreases: calcium
coffee
fibre
tea
organ meats
dried peaches
oysters
lentils
egg yolk
beans
oatmeal
blackstrap molasses
wnriched cereals
raises iron levels efficently in adults
better for children due to providing smaller doses of iron
regulating muscle tone
muscle relaxation
energy production
lipid and protein sunthesis
prevention if tooth decay
excessive coffee intake
long term use of diuretics
alcoholism
diarrhea
anyibiotics
hyperthyroid
poor nutrition
the body needs adequate levels of vitamin B6 and B1 which are considered cofactors
PMS
migraines
glaucoma
hypoglycemia
fibromyalgia
diabetes
kindney stones
osteoporosis
acid reflux
muscle spasms
anxiety
menstraul cramps
tremors
gallstones
chocolate cravings
irregular heartbeat
chrinic constipation
body odour
anxiety
low energy
fatigue
soybeans
raw nuts
cocoa
spinach
chard
beans
cumin
oysters
tomatoes
sea vegetables
cloves
overuse of Epsom salts can cause an imbalance of minerals
people with low stomach acid cannot absorb the chelated forms of magnesium as well as good digestive systems can
best to avoid citrate form if you are iton or copper deficient
Selenium
Vitamin E
mercury build up
cancer
pregnancy
inflammatory conditions
low immune system
cataracts
heart disease
immune system
impairing the bodys ability to fight heavy metal toxicity
causes hair to be dull
irritability
fingernail loss
skin rash
fatigue
weight loss
brazil nuts
cold water wild fish (cod, halibut, tuna and salmon)
lamb
turkey
brewers yeast
wheat germ
bran
calf liver
muschrooms
barley
100%
part of the digestion of protein
goucose regulation
thuroid activity
enzyme action
not common since it is readily available in a variety of foods
- achy
- stiff joints
cloves
spelt grains
brown rice
beans
leafy greens
banana
egg yolk
legumes
pineapple
tempeh
rye
soybeans
thyme
raspberries
buts
strawberries
garlic
squash
eggplant
cinnamon
turmeric
Potassium
ATP and sodium
nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells
harmful effects of sodium on blood pressure
fresh fruit and veggies
dark leafy greens
potasotes
squash
avocados
mushrooms
bananas
roughly 920mg
close to half of the daily recommended intake
activites or illnesses that have a dehydrating effect on the body such as alcoholsim, diarhea, heavy sweating, chronic renal disease, fasting, chronic use of diuretics, excessive sweating and diabetic ketoacidosis
swelling of the ankles
thirst
irregular heartbeat
high blood pressure
muscle weakness
fstigue
no
copper
collagen
iron (needed for energy)
anemia
bone fractures
low body temp
osteoporosis
low white blood cell count
irregular heartbeat
loss of pigment from the skin
thyroid problems
oysters
liver
whole grain
shellfish
dark leafy greens
dried legumes
nuts
tempeh
black strap molasses
chocolate
nausea bomiting
stomach pain
headache
dizziness
weakness
diarhea
metallic taste in the mouth
zinc and manganese
zinc
immune system as it is required for the formation of T cells
uncommon
malabsorption
chrons
celiac
sickle cell anemia
alcoholics
elderly
anorexia
resticted diets
vegetarians
prgnant
breastfeeding women
breastfed children
athletes
hair loss
acne
slow wound healing
frequent infections
poor sperm count
slow growth rate in children
mental disorders
white spots on fingernails
loss of taste and smell
oysters
pumpkin seeds
lamb chops
brewers yeast
liver
eggs
dry beans
mushrooms
spinach
asparagus
scallops
red mest
green oeas
yogurt
oats
soaking beans, grains, seeds in water for several hours before cooking
iron or copper
zinc sulphate
nausea
vomiting
loss of appetite
abdominal cramps
diarhea
headaches
sodium
muscle and nerve function
and maintains proper functioning of the circulatory system
electrolyte
ATP
potassium
regulate blood pressure
protect against blood clotting
metabolize food
reatining water
circulatory problems
high blood pressure
heart disease
kidney disease
sea salt
& himalayan salt
high blood pressure
kidney disease
diabetes
- fluid within cells
- fluid in the space around cells
- blood
normal fluid balance in the three compartments
the amount of fluid a compartment contains
high: fluid moves into the compartment
low: fluid moves out of the compartment
- filtering electrolyte from the blood
- returning some electrolytes to the blood
- excreting any excess into the urine
- heart muescle cells depend on a balance between calcium and magnesium to keep beating rhythmically
- balancing sodium and potassium which is required to maintain blood volume
- regulating the amount of water in the body, the acidity of the blood, muscle function, and other important processes
sodium
magnesium
calcium
potassium
phosphate
chloride
- control fluids in the body (impacting blood pressure)
-balance electrolytes
- necessary for muscle and nerve function
- key components of bones and teeth
- contributes to blood clotting
- important to the movement of nerve impulses and muscle movement
- important to the production of DNA and RNA
- contributes to nerve and muscle formation
- helps regulate blood glucose levels
- helps maintain heart rhythm
- regulates heart and blood pressure
- helps balance electrolytes
- aids in transmitting merve impulses
- contributes to bone health
- necessary for muscle contraction
- strengthens bones and teeth
- helps cells produce the energy needed for tissue growth and repair
- helps balance electrolytes
- balance acidity and alkanity which helps maintain a healthy pH which is essential to digestion if the balance of electrolyres is disturbed seeious problems can decelop
- dehydration
- taking frugs
- having certain heart, kidney, or liver disorders
- intravenous fluids or deedings in inapporpriate amounts
- excessive exercuse
- kidney failure
- heart failure
- use of diuretics
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- hormone imbalances