Mikrobiologi 2
What is chemical energy
Energy found in molecules like carbohydrates and protein
What compounds are essential for bacteria
Macronutrients- Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Potassium, Magensium, Hydrogen, Oxtgen, Calcium and Sodium. Micronutriets- Boron, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zinc.
What are the uncommon ones important for
It is the micronutrients and they are trace elements. They are important for bacterial growth, metabolism and survival. They serve as cofactors for enzymes. structual components and electron carriers
Micro vs micronutrients
Macronutrients are needed in larger amounts and micronutrients are only trace amounts. Macro provides energy and micro does not
Metabolism
The process in a organism where its material substance is produced, maintained and sestroyed and ATP is made available
Anabolic vs Catabolic
Anabolic builds up larger molecules from smaller ones and energy is required. Catabolism break down larger molecules to smaller ones and energy is realesed
Autotrophic vs heterotrophic
The difference is their carbon source, Autotrophic use inorganic carbon and heterotrophic use organic carbon
Chemotrophic vs phototrophic
Electron donors. Phototrophic needs sunligt and chemothrophic use preformed molecules
Organotrophic vs lithotrophic
Energy sources, organotrophic use organic compounds and litotrophic use inorganic compounds
Oxygenic vs anoxygenic photosynthesis
In oxygenic O2 is produced and anoxygenic does not yeild O2
Difference between oxidation and reduction
Oxidation is a substance that loses electrons and reduction is a substance that gains electrons
Redox reaction
Reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one species to another
What information can be found in a redox tower
It is a representation of common redox reactions, you can rank electron donors and acceptors based on their reduction potential. The higher up in the tower a substance is, it is more likely to reduce and the lower down they are they are likley to oxidize
What is redox poteintial and how is it coupled to free energy?
Redox potential is a measure of a compounds tendency to gain or lose electrons in a redox reaction. It is measured in volts or milivolts under standars conditions. The further the electrons drops from a donor before they are caught by an acceptor the greater amount of energy is realesed. This gives a change in free energy.
What is the overall difference in ATP-production between aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
In aerobic respiration oxygen is available. Anaerobic is a possibility if oxygen is not available and fermentation is when oxidative phosphorylation is not possible.
What are NADH and FADH2
Electron carriers in cellular metabolsim
What is substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Energy rich compounds that ATP is made from
Glycolysis
A series of reactions split glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm in most cells. It is a splitting of a 6- carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules
What is produced during the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from two pyruvate molecules?
2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
Krebs cycle
Energy from acetyl CoA is transferred to NADH and FADH2, occurs in the cytoplsm in prokarutones and in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes. It results in 2 Acetyl CoA which rsults in 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH and 4 CO2
What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC)? Describe in detail how ETC works.
A series of four protien complexes that couples redox reaxtions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to creation of ATP in a complete system. Complex I NADH donates electrons H+ is pumped from the matric to the intermembrane space. Electrons are tranferred to Coenzyme Q. Complex II FADH2 donates electrons, electrons are transferred to coenzyme Q. Complex III H+ is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrande space. Elecrons are transferred to cytochrome C. Complex IV H+ is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Electrons are transferred to O2 which will them form water
How does ATP-synthase produce ATP?
1. H+ ions flows down their gradient into a channel in a stator and into a rotor. 2. Protons binds to the rotors making them spin within the membrane. 3. Each H+ ion makes one complete turn before they go through a second channel and into the mitochondrial matrix. 4. The spinning rotor activates an internal rod which will extend to a stationary knob. 5. The rods movement activates the knob catylizing ADP and Pi into ATP
How many ATP is produced from one glucose molecule
35 ATP
Anaerobic respiration
A way for bacteria to create ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor
Which electron acceptors can aerobic- and anaerobic organisms use?
Aerobic use oxugen and anaerobic can use nitrate, sulphate and carbonate.
Why is less energy obtained when other electron acceptors than oxygen are used?
They are high up in the redox tower which means they have a lower reduciton potential.
Fermentation
A process of sugars being broken down by enzymes of microorganism in the absence of oxygen. It is an anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose that does not need oxygen. The energy extraction pathway is glycolysis and it is the only one. Fermentation genreate ATP energy for metabolsim