Unit 2 Bio quiz - Respiratory System
What is Respiration?
- General term describing all the processes involved in obtaining and using oxygen, and eliminating carbon dioxide.
What is Inspiration?
- Breathing in
What is Expiration?
- Breathing out
What is External Respiration?
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between LUNGS and BLOOD.
What is Internal Respiration?
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between BLOOD and BODY TISSUES
What is Cellular Respiration?
- Chemical reaction at the cellular level, uses oxyugen to power all of lifes processes
What are the requirments for Respiration
1. Large surface area, called respiratory surface, in which 02 and C02 are exchanged
2. Moist environment for the gasses to dissolve.
Gas Exchange in Aquatic Environments:
- Oxygen is dissolved in water.
- Water enter mouth and flows through gills.
- Gills contain capillaries which absorb the oxygen and give up the carbon dioxide
- Gases more along a diffusion gradient - gas moves from region of high to low concentration
Diaphragm:
(sheet of muscle) contracts and relaxes to draw and push air out of lungs.
Inhalation:
- Rib cages moves up and out, diaphragm contracts and moves down.
- Causes Thoracic cavity to increase in size and air rushed into lungs to fill the new space
Exhalation:
- Rib cage moves down and in, diaphargm relaxes and moves up.
- Causes thoracic cavity to decrease in sizeand air then gets squeezed out of lungs
5 type of Respiratory Volumes
1. Tidal Volume
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3. Expiratory reserve volumes
4. Vital Capacity Volume
5. Residual Volume
Tidal Volume:
- Normal volume of air inhaled and exhaled.
Inspiratory Resersve Volume:
- Additional volume taken in when inhaling
Expiratory Reserve Volume:
- Additional volume forced out when exhaling
Vital Capacity Volume:
- Total volume inhaled and exhaled
Residual Volume:
- Amoujnt of air left in lungs even after forcing it all out
What does your upper Respiratory Tract Include:
- Nostrills
- Nasal Passages and turbinate bones
- Pharynx
- Epiglothis
- Larynx
- Trachea
Nasal Passages and Turbinate Bones:
- Air is warmed in your capillaries
- Air is thebn cleaned in your cillia, moistened with (mucus)
What does your Pharynx include?
- Cillia
- Mucus
- Tonsils
- Adenoids
Epiglothis
- Flap controlls the entry to your glottis, trachea and esophagus
Larynx
- Where your voice box is
- Vocal chords vibrate
Trachea (wind pipe)
- Cartiligde rings that splits into 2 branches leading to your lungs
What does your Lower Respiratory Tract Include:
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Brochioles
- Aalveoli
Lungs
- Left lungs have 2 lobes
- Right lunng has 3 lobes
- Each lung is surrounded by pleural membrane and lubricating liquid
Bronchi
leads to each lung
Bronchioles:
microscopic hollowe tubes
How does Gas exchange occur
- Gets exchanged between capillaries and alveoli in lungs
- Also between capillaries and cells in the rest of the body
How do Gasses diffuse
- By moving from high conentration to low concentration
Where are the 2 places where gas exchange occurs
1. Alveoli - Capillaries ( O2 moves into capillaries, CO2 moves out )
2. Capillaries and cellular tissues ( O2 moves into cells, CO2 moves out)
What are the Upper Respiratory Disorders
- Tonsillitis
- Laryngitis
What is Tonsillitis?
- Infection/Inflmmation of the tonsils
- Caused by virus or bacteria
- Symptoms ; redness, swelling, sore throat, fecer
- Can be removed but increase the risk of infection
What is Laryngitis?
- Inflammation of larynx due to infection or yelling
- Vocal chords cannot vibrate like normally
- Loss of speaking ability
- Clears up on its own
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Pneumonia
- Bronchitis
- Asthma
- Emphysema
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Lung Cancer
Pneumonia:
- Alveoli fill iwth thick fluid which interferes with gas exchange and the body lacks oxygen.
- Viral (less severe) or Bacterial ( need antibiotics)
- Can affect one lobe only (labular) or patches all over both lungs (brochial)
- Lobular is casued by bacter Steptococcus Pneumoniae and can be prevented with vaccine (only bacter that can be prevented w vaccine)
Bronchitis:
- Bronchioles inflamed due to infection and filled with mucus
- Often bacterial and treated weith antibiotics
- Chronic cases (smoking) result in destruction of cillila and can lead to COPD (chronic obstructive pulonary disease)
Asthma:
- Bronchioles inflamed and constricted due to muscle spasms
- Can be triggerd by allergies (pollen, dust)
- Symptoms ; wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest
- Manage with puffers
Emphysema
- Alveoli burst and fuse casing reduced surface area for gas exchange
- Less oxygen to tissues
- Diffcullty in Exhaling
- Small airways collapse which traps air in the lungs
- Cuased by smoking, Classfied as COPD
- Treatments include, Inhalers, oxygen tanks, hole in trachea
Cystic Fibrosis
- Genetic discorder caused by thick mucus in lungs that make it very diffucult to breathe
- No cure, treaments are improving
Lung Cancer
- Cells grow uncontrolbally in lungs to form tumour or carcinoma
- Spreading of cancer is metastasis
- Break from the tumout and travels through the body via bloodstream
- Leading causes are smoking or second hand smoking
- Asbestos : fibrous mineral
- hard to detect and have a low survival rate
- 80% of ppl die after within 5 years after being diagnosed
Diagnostic Tools Used:
- CAT or CT scan (computed axial tomography)- rotating X-Ray device
- Two-photon microscopy - 3-D image using photons
- Bronchoscopy - camera inserted into bronchi
- Radiation Therapy - X-Rays destroy cancer cells
- Chemotherapy - oral or injected chemicals to destroy cancer cells
- Lung surgery - physical removal of lung tissue
- Laser surgery - lasers destroy cancer cells