size
metabolic demand
activity level
as an organism gets larger, SA:V ratio decreases because, as size increases volume increases at a greater rate than SA
diffusion is not fast enough
• a medium to transport substances
• mass flow of liquid
• mechanism for moving the liquid (heart)
• valves to maintain direction
• exchange surfaces
invertebrates (insects)
transport medium is pumped by the heart directly into the body cavity at low pressure through open-ended vessels
diffusion is fast enough because body cells are all close to the heart
vertebrates (humans)
transport medium is contained within the vessels and never comes into contact with body cells
this allows blood to travel longer distance because it's kept at a high pressure
substances enter and leave the blood by diffusing through the walls of the vessel
blood travels through the heart once for one circuit
e.g. fish
blood travels through the heart twice for one circuit
under high pressure
e.g. birds and mammals as they have higher rates of metabolism
4 chambers
found in thoracic cavity
made of cardiac muscle that contracts in regular rhythm and does not need nervous stimulation (called myogenic)
supply the heart muscle with blood
contract to push blood into the ventricles
contract to push blood out of the heart to lungs or body
between the atria and ventricles
prevent backflow
open to allow ventricles to fill with blood
shot when the ventricles contract
tricuspid (3 flaps)
bicuspid (2 flaps)
stronger as the contraction of the left ventricle is stronger than the right
found between ventricles and blood vessels leaving the heart
open when the ventricles contract
shot when the ventricles relaxed to prevent backflow
attached to the ventricle walls by tendons (heart strings)
wall of muscle that separates the left and right sides of the heart
stops oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing
diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole
heart relaxes
pressure in ventricles and atria drop
av valves open - pressure in atria is greater than ventricles
semilunar valves closed
av valves open - pressure is higher in atria than ventricles
semilunar valves closed
blood moved into heart
atria contract - pushes blood into ventricles
ventricles contract
av valves close - pressure in vebtricles is higher than atria
pressure in ventricles rises
semi lunar valves open - pressure is greater in ventricles than aorta
semi lunar valves close - pressure in greater in aorta than ventricles
myogenic (it's stimulates its own contraction)
found in right atrium
stimulates contraction of atria
fires A wave of excitation causing them to contract
stopped from moving down to the ventricles because insulting layer of cells
between atria and ventricles
acts as a relay station and causes a slight delay after the contraction of the atria
after delay electrical stimulation has passed from the av node to a bundle of cells (bundle of His)
bundle of His splits into His branches
impulse and gets passed up sides of ventricles through purkyne fibres
beats evenly spaced
slow heart rate
below 60 bpm
fast heart rate
above 100 bpm
irregular rhythm
two beats close together followed by a longer gap
abnormal rhythm
(loads of small ups and downs)
Arteries (Away from heart)
veIn (In toward heart)
capillaries
arterioles (link arteries to capillaries)
venules (link capillaries to veins)
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
right semi Lunar valve
pulmonary artery
arteriole
alveolar capillary
venule
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
left semi Lunar valve
aorta
arteriole
capillaries in body
venule
vena cava
high pressure
thick wall
narrow lumen
found deeper in the body
• endothelium - thin layer of cells, smooth to reduce friction
• elastic fibres - withstand the force of blood, stretch
• smooth muscle - allows vasoconstriction
• collagen - strong to stop artery over stretching or bursting
smaller than arteries
contain more smooth muscle and less elastin
to allow for vasconstriction
site of gas exchange
one cell thick
made of flat endothelial cells
a very narrow lumen
minimizes distance for diffusion
carry deoxygenated blood away from tissues towards the heart
pressure is low
carry blood towards the heart
lumen is wider than arteries
thinner wall, made of less elastic fiber and collagen
contains valves
plasma
erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets
Carries other the substances in it around the body
water-based so good solvent
Carries nutrients, waste products, hormones
no nucleus or mitochondria - more space for harmoglobin
made in the bone marrow from stem cells
flexible - to squeeze through capillaries
biconcage shape - increases surface area
phagocytes
lymphocytes
fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
found in bone marrow
stick together to clot blood
fluid that fills the space between cells
occurs from the blood coming from when the heart beats
high the arterial end forcing fluid out capillaries
at venous end pressure is low as blood passes through capillaries
plasma proteins have an osmotic effect the lowering water potential
causes an osmotic gradient and water moves into capillary
plasma proteins do not leave the blood
is the tendency for water to move into the blood
fluid that does not re-enter the blood
drained into lymph vessels in the lymphatic system before eventually being returned to the blood
last nutrients and more waste products than tissue fluid
each sub-unit contains a haem group with an iron atom at the center
each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygens
oxygen is released by the haemoglobin
some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma
rest of co2 diffuses into rbc
binding is irreversible
partial pressure of oxygen
at lungs, partial pressure is high, oxygen associates with haemoglobin
at respiring tissues, what should pressure is low, oxygen disassociates from haemoglobin
steeper between 25% and 75%
because it's difficult for oxygen to bind
higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin at the same ppO2
in placenta- low oxygen so because the fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity
stores oxygen in your muscles
efficient at taking oxygen from the blood
respiring tissues release co2
carbonic acud dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-
H+ combine with harmoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid
HCO3- move into plasma
Cl- move from plasma into rbc - chloride shift
in lungs, co2 is reformed and exhaled
CO2 enters the erythrocyte and reacts with water catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase forming carbonic acid
disassociates to form hydrogen carbonate ions and h+ ions
hydrogen carbonate ions diffuses out
h+ ion vines with haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid
in respiring tissues oxygen tension is lower so oxygen will dissociate away from hemoglobin
that will be more carbon dioxide which means more hydrogen ions
increase in hydrogen ions causes oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to decrease