history exam
Arthur Currie
Canadian commander who led the battle of vimy ridge. Demonstrated that canadians did not need to be commanded by a British officer
Vimy Ridge
attack took place during a snowstorm on easter monday April 9 1917 - April 12. Troops studied a replica of the terrain so they knew it as well as the germans. Over 11000 were killed taking the hill but they had captured more land, cannons & prisoners than all previous BR offensive in 2.5 years. Most celebrated canadian victory
Creeping Barrage
create a line of shellfire just infront of canadian troops and keep it moving forward while soldiers continued behind to give element of surprise
The Somme
June - november 1916 at the somme river near Verdun, France. British commander in chief Douglas Haig planned an offensive attackk to relieve pressure off the french of the german siege in Verdun. He used old tactics and told men to cross no man's land in broad daylight. 620 000 allies killed, 400000 german. Considered worst battle in WW1 and broke back of german army
2nd battle of Ypres
April 1915
first gas attack in history. Germans unleashed chlorine gas (mustard gas) across no man's land. Moisture + gas = acid ( in eyes, lungs, nose, etc). Ammonia or urine neutralized gas. Canadians filled the 4 mile gap in the front line, repulsed german advance
Enemy Aliens
canadians who come from a country canada was at war with, ukranians put in internment camps (huns was used to refer to German Canadians)
Conscription
mandatory enlistment for all able bodied men between 20-45 years of age who could be called up to serve on the battlefield overseas
Armistice
riots broke out in germany, navy refused to fight and king abdicated, leading them to ask for an armistice (an agreement by opposing sides to start peace talks, not a surrender)
Treaty of versailles
drawn up by the allies during the paris peace conference, made for germany to sign, to which they were only allowed in on the last day to do so.
Terms:
give up all colonies and european territories
$30 billion to allies
rhineland demilitarized
no airforce, army and navy shrunk
no dreadnoughts
no tanks or heavy artillery
plus war guilt clause
Billy Bishop
Top canadian Ace, flew the sopwith camel
Wartime Elections Act
white women who had a relative in war could vote
the vote was taken from huns and people against war
Halifax Explosion
Dec 6 1917, ships imo and montblanc crashed in halifax harbour. Largest explosion in history until hiroshima
Convoys
10-15 merchant vessels would cross the atlantic ocean escorted by 3-4 naval vessels
Lusitania
May 7 1915 a british passenger liner was sunk off the coast of ireland, many americans died, and US president Woodrow Wilson issued a stern warning
Uboat warfare
germany declares so, no rules, anything goes, germany will sink all ships anywhere near the british isles. America joined the war on April 6, 1917 after many american ships were sunk
Borden
Conservative priminister
won 1917 election
for war and conscription
Prime Minister and Pres
Pres - Woodrow Wilson
Prime Minister - Laurier and then Borden
The Schlieffen Plan
Relied on speed, surprise, massive numbers, and deception. Schlieffen assumes it will take 6 weeks for russia to arrive after mobilizing their army = 6 weeks to defeat france. Germans would invade through neutral belgium and capture paris before getting to french army. RW would meet back up with LW to finish off french army
Imperialism
More colonies meant more raw materials & manufactured goods. Germany wants its own empire and starts colonizing in the Balkans and middle east. They want a navy to colonize and compete with Britain, causing tensions in europe
Declarations of War (ww1)
AH on serbia july 26 1914
russia on AH
germany on russia
france on germany
germany on france
Militarism
first modern war, building up military + weaponry + threatening armed aggression. Naval scare as germany started to build more dreadnoughts, so britain built more (turf war)
Alliances
treaties between countries were formed between countries to keep peace in europe. Alliances form as tensions rise.
Triple entente (the allies): Britain, France, Russia
Triple alliance (central powers): Germany, Italy, AH
Nationalism
Ideological, patriotism, belief driven. New colonies = enhanced glory to country. Empire: will for war, Colony: Resentment
Assasination in Sarajevo
Austro-hungarian empire captured bosnia in 1908. Many slavs were resentful and wanted to join Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand is sent to serajevo for a parade (june 28 1914). A bomb goes off and on their way to the hospital to visit the wounded, Gavrillo Princip kills them.
Winnipeg General Strike
the largest strike in canadian history, between may 15th and june 25th 30000 workers walked off job. Businesses and politicians portrayed strikes as a russian style rovultion against the government = red scare. 4 strike leaders were arrested and violence broke out, NDP party was formed. Unions were organized to fight low wages and 8 hour days
On to ottawa trek
the trek started in vancouver all the way to ottawa as a way to protest the conditions in relief camps - got stopped in Regina where a riot took place
Social Credit Party
led by Bible Bill. Became the premier in Alberta, provided social credits to every adult in Alberta so people could buy goods to stimulate the economy. There was a surplus of goods, but no one had the money to purchase them, credits allowed them to
Model T Ford
Henry ford dreamed of a car everyone could drive, set up an assembly line. Model T - $395 in 1924. created a new industry, day trips, side road restaurants, gas stations, motels, repair shops, road construction, etc
Prohibition
alcohol was banned by the federal government, and blamed for many crimes - instated by women's Christian temperance (lips that touch liquor shall not touch ours)
The persons case
initiated by the famous five. The supreme court of canada ruled that women were not 'persons' and could not sit in senate, however the Judicial Comittee of the Privy Council reversed this, and allowed women to have rights
Important women
Famous five: five prominent Canadian suffragists - Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby
Carine Wilson: first woman to become a senator
Murphy: first female judge in canada, assembled the famous five, was proposed to be a member of senate in 1922
McClung: Comedian
Mary Pickford: Canadian Actress, America's Sweetheart
CCF Party
The CCF lead by J.S woodsworth in 1933. Socialism - advocated for government should take ownership of hydro, transportation, and banking. Wanted protection for farmers, labor groups, and uni teachers. became the NDP
Later on Tommy douglas, leader of CCF party instated free healthcare
WLM King
Canada's liberal priminster from 1921-1930 and 1935-1948. Lost 1930 election because of his 5 cent piece speech.
R.B Bennett
conservative prime minister from 1931-1835. His new deal called to to regulate the hours of work, provide minimum wage, improve working conditions, and insurance for unemployment, health, and industrial accidents
20s Economy
Great depression!!!
causes:
Wheat - number one staple, dustbowl - canada experienced a five year drought and all of our wheat crops dried up and disappeared in windstorms in the prairies
Black tuesday - value of stocks became worthless and stocks all around the world collapsed. October 29th, 1929
Surplus of goods
Tariffs - high taxes on imports or exports. To protect economies, every country raises their tariffs to encourage their own citizens to buy home made products, trade will completely halt
Dependency on the us - 65% of imports from the us, 40% of goods were exported to the us, when depression hits the US they will stop buying our exports and trade slows down
Branch plants
Plant or factory in canada who's company's headquarters is in another country, serves Canadian market and avoids high costs
One Big union
radical labour union formed in western canada in 1919
Japanese internment camps
Canadian Govt confiscated radios and fishing boats from the Japanese in BC, then one week after Pearl Harbour homes and assets were seized, people were detained and taken to camps in Alberta and Manitoba, after the war 10,000 were deported back to japan and others were never allowed back into BC, homes and assets were sold by Govt
dunkirk
British Expeditionary forces were sent to help defend france, once france falls the BEF would have nowhere to go, may 26th was declared a national day of prayer and only 20,000 were expected to survive, small boats were given to the government to cross the english channel
Miracles:
1. Hitler halts his tanks, thinking airforce would flatten troops out, did not give any reason for this
2. Thick fog rolled in from Belgium, covering the entire beach, the storm also made english channel waters calm
3. strange immunity - 400 men reported to have been rained down with bullets and everywhere but them was shot
335,000 men rescued
dieppe
August 19th - 5000 canadians invade coast of Dieppe, France, (testing ground for allies, relieve pressure of russia, practice amphibious tactics, weaken and study defences) goal was to take back dieppe and find enigma, poorly planned and huge failure
D-day
Operation overlord: planned invasion of France, Normandy was french city selected, June 6th 1944 was first day, 11 month long campaign, Canadians fought at Juno beach, one of 5 beaches
Ortona
Operation Husky - take back italy instead of France to create second front, sometimes considered Canada's stalingrad, Italian troops defeated within a month, german troops sent over and also defeated, Loyal Eddies fought at this battle, Mussolini dies
Anschluss
the quiet surrender, pact between austria and Germany, not a single bullet was fired, seen as a happy renuinon between the two countries (was not lol)
munich pact
appeasement pact made between Italy, France, and Britain, nevil chamberlain gets hitler to sign a pact saying he would stop invading countries after getting the sudetenland (czechiaslovakia) obvs didn't work and hitler later takes over all of the country
nazi-soviet pact
secret pact made between hitler and stalin, 10 year non aggression pact, Germany would give part of Poland to soviets
Operation names
Operation husky - ortona
Operation overlord - d-day
operation sealion - german invasion of Britain
Operation Barbarossa - invasion of russia
sitzkrieg
Sitting/phony war: lasted from September 1939-April 1940, nobody was prepared for war, causing Britain and France to take too long to mobilize, Germany took the time to recuperate their army - sitzkrieg ended with the German invasion of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Atomic bombs
Manhattan project: secret project to shorten the war using the atomic bomb, theorized by einstein and created by Oppenheimer, uranium was mined in Bear LK, NWT, and refined in port hope, ON, plutonium was made in Montreal laboratories
Truman warned Japan to surrender or face 'prompt and utter destruction' which they ignored
Hiroshima - August 6, 1945 the US Enola Gay drops the Little Boy on Hiroshima (chosen because army headquarters was there)
Nagasaki - after being ignored, three days later they dropped the Fat Man on Nagasaki
Rosies
propaganda created by norman rockwell to encourage women to work during the war, wearing overalls and bandanas - women all over were rosies - married mothers were now allowed to work to help the war effort
Zyklon - B
gas used in the shower rooms at concentration camps, killed jewish people instantly
conscription
WLM King wanted to avoid dividing country like Borden did in ww1, did not do conscription until pressure amped up and there was a plebiscite in 1942, the vote came out yes, but WLM king only said he would if necessary, wasn't until 1944 that conscription happened
Beer hall putsch
1923: Hitler takes his party and tries to take over the Munich parliament, wants to take it through violence and force, but he fails and he is arrested
July putsch
1934: Nazi Germany tried to take over Austria, breaking a term of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy told Nazi Germany that they would fight to keep Austria independent, and sent four divisions of troops, Germany backed down
Hindenburg
President and member of the Weimar Republic, after Hitler loses to him, he hires Hitler as Chancellor to keep a close eye on him, after his death Hitler takes control and goes by Furher
Tehran
The first meeting between the big three, in November 1943, was held in Iran, planning for D-day, stalin agreed to declare war on Japan once war in Europe was over
Yalta
The second meeting, located in the soviet union, Feb 1945, D-day was a success, Disarm, De-nazify, divide (four zones), Democratize, stalin was being stubborn about Poland (sphere of influence)
Potsdam
Stalin, Attlee and Truman, Aug 1945, USA reveals weapon, berlin would be divided into four zones, Truman resisted reparations (stalin would take quarter of reparations from each zone), dislike was clear by this point
Appeasement
Britain and France followed a policy called Appeasement (Br PM chamberlains idea)
They wanted to avoid another war, they felt sorry for Germany, Hitler seemed respectful and reasonable in his demands, Italy and Japan were greater threats, and they believed communism was worse than fascism
Happens several times in the league of nations with manchuria and abyssinia
Alliances (ww2)
Pact of steel/triple axis: Japan, Germany, and Italy
The Allies: Britain, USA, and USSR
order of battles (ww2)
Dunkirk, Battle of Britain, Russia, Pearl harbour, hong kong, dieppe, stalingrad, ortona, d-day
SS. St louis
(in 1939 Canada denied entry of 907 jewish immigrants abord the St. Louis)
Declarations (ww2)
September 1st - the invasion of Poland
September 3rd - Britain and France declare war
September 10th - Canadians enter
October 6th - Poland officially surrender
Soviets come in on the 17th
avenging the treaty of versailles
1935: Military service becomes compulsory, Hitler also rearms the Luftwaffe, and expand their land (Lebensraum), not only that but he marched into the rhineland later on which was a huge source of national pride for germans
Iron curtain
term used by WINSTON CHURCHILL to describe growing east-west divide bw democratic and communist nations which prevented the free movement of info, goods and people! You couldn’t touch this curtain but you could not pass through it. The BERLIN WALL (1961) was an actual wall to divide East and West Germany
igor gozenko
• Russian clerk at Soviet Embassy in Ottawa
• Gave Canadian govt ‘proof’ that a Soviet spy ring existed in Canada with connection to the US and Br. Evidence of Russia being an enemy and gaining info on atomic energy and other scientific areas from sympathetic Canadians
• RED SCARE: Panics that there were Russian spies everywhere so don’t trust anyone! Breakdown in civil liberties, many arrested, mass discrimination
NORAD
• Agreement bw Canada and USA to defend eachother
• DISTANT EARLY WARNING (DEW line) installed in NW territories = radars detecting enemy aircraft/missiles and blow them up over Canada??? These were on Canadian soil but paid for and operated by Americans?
Avrow Arrow
A plane designed specifically to intercept other planes. Built (by AV roe company in 1953), but canceled by John Diefenbaker (conservative prim.) in 1959. Divided Canadians as it was a huge source of nationalism and a show of power, but it didn't really benefit us, but the USA, we didn't want to be a middle power as we had a peacekeeping reputation
NATO
U.S is no longer following isolationism, but containment (prevent the spread of communism) - Marshall plan: NATO would lend money to countries who were struggling to rebuild after ww2, and provide money to countries being threatened, enemies were the Warsaw Pact
Lester B pearson
The suez canal crisis: Egypt had recently come into ownership of a convenient canal for trade and was forcing others to pay an entrance fee, Israel, France and Britain come in with weapons
Pearson worked for the UN and makes every country sit down to talk about the issue diplomatically, suggests peacekeepers from neutral countries to patrol the area to make sure there is ceasefire
Cuban Missile crisis
Russians put down missiles around cuba, USA responds with a naval blockade, closest to MAD that ever happened during the cold war - Kennedy and Khrushchev talked directly to come to a solution (neither one wanted to be the one who ended the world lolll)
Jean Lesage
Liberal Premier of Quebec, brought about the quiet revolution, fixed francophone crisis within schools and advocated for francophones, less church control and hydro was made available all throughout quebec. No violence :)))))
FLQ crisis/October crisis
Front de liberation du Quebec (terrorist group who wanted more changes, separation from Canada, and hated the federal government) bombed federal buildings and mailboxes, as well as taking federal politicians as hostages (Pierre laporte murdered). the WMA was invoked, e.g tanks in Montreal "just watch me" in response to being asked how far PET would go to punish them
Seperatism
Sovreignists (separate quebec from canada) vs federalists (stay w/ Canada). There were two failed referendums in 1997 and 1995 asking if quebec should become sovereign. In response Steven Harper recognized quebec as its own distinct nation in canada
Rene Levesque
Seperatist that used democracy to get his way, leader of party quebecois, and eventual premier of quebec, also founded bloc quebecois.
Meech Lake Accord
revising canadian constitution, asked quebec for their approval. accord proposed strengthening provincial powers and recognizing quebec as a distinct society
constitution act
Pierre elliott trudeau added the charter of rights and freedoms to the constitution in 1982, giving more rights for indigenous people and other minorities
Both World Wars in relation to strengthening Canada’s Independence
Vimy ridge, statue of Westminster (1931, british law), conscription
The fight for the rights of women and other racial minority groups has often coincided with social and political conflicts
women getting jobs and leading to feminist movement in ww2, Japanese internment, quebec is minority group flq crisis lalala
Canadians are determined to be both an American and a British nation, but above all a nation with a distinctive Canadian personality.
Hold a unique reputation as peacekeepers, independent from Britain e.g vimy ridge and statue of Westminster,