biology
ology
study of
itis
inflamation of
oscopy
look into
a seed is
a plant embryo with foud supply and a protective shell
why do carnivouris plants feed on animals
animals provide nitrogen that thier wnviroments are lacking
how do fungi feed
they release enzymes inti the food source then absorb the nutrients
cell wall of eubacteria
peptidoglycan
feeding structure of fungi
mycelium
used by amebas for feeding and movement
psedopods
pigmint in plants to capture light
chlorophyll
reproductive structure on moss
sporanguim
asexual reproduction
binary fission
offspring from 2 different species
hybrid
structure in bacteria it help attatch to thibgs
pili
a parasite
an organism that lives of and harns a host
chemical in plant cell walls
cellulose
carachteristics of living things
obtain energy
made of cells
capable of growth or development
reproduce
react to wxternal enviroment
why arnt viruses living
they cant reproduce with out a host
thy dobt feed or obtain ebergy
tgey dobt grow or develop
facts about viruses
viruses have gentic material thats either rna or dna
tgey are smaller than bacteria they kill your host cells
they arnt treated with antibiotics
benifits of bacteria
bacteria is good in our gut because ot helps us dugest food and process calaries
bacteria can strengthen an immune system because babies born vaginally are exposed to tons of healthy bacteria and is shown to improve thier immune system
benifits of fungi
certian types of fungus are used for medicine like peicillyin a type of fungus is used to fight of bacterial infections
fungus is used for cookibg aswell like yeast for bread
animal kingdom
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
no cell wall
fungi
eukaryotic
mostly multicellular
heterotrophic
cell wall nade of chitin
eubacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
auto or hetero troph
cell wall of peptidoglycon
plant
eukaryotic
mostly multicellular
autotrophic
cell wall of cellulose
achea
live in extrene enviroment
unicellular
auto or heterotroph
cell wall different form true bacteria
virus carachteristics
has suface protiens to unlock our cells allowing the virus to clone itself and kill our cell
it has a capsid holding its genteic material somtimes even an extra layer known as a envolope
binary fission
a reproduction method for bacteria a cell goes tgrough cell division to make a clobe of themselves. its axsexual. tge advantage to the organism is that its fast so if they needed more bodys for somthing its doable fast
sexual reproduction in fungi
a positive hyphea meets a begative hyphea underground and tgen join together to produce a fruiting body that will contain both thier dna this method is good because it creates diversity amunf fungi reducing the chance of them being wiped out
conjugation
reproduction in bacteria
build a bridge to obe another and exchabge dna
transformation
baxteria dies and realeses genteic material tgen otger bacteria will pick it up
transduction
A virus, infects bacteria, and takes the genetic material into the host cell, where the virus is making copies of itself than the new virus with the bacteria's, genetic material, infect other bacteria.
how are plants and fungi similar?
both fungi and some plants reproduce with spores. Both are eucaryotic and multicellular.
how are plants and fungi different?
plants are auto troughs, while fun guys are heterotrophs plant cell wall is made of cellulose well fungi is made of chitin
gram staining tests
A Gram stain is used to test and figure out what type of bacteria a bacteria is if it's Graham negative got less sugar in the cell wall comes out pink and it has an extra outer membrane gram-positive more sugar in the wall and it's purple
what are the three subtypes of protists
animal like funguslike and plant like
how do protist move?
flagella like a tail
Pseudopods fake feet, which is extended cytoplasm
Cilia hair that rose around
Passivly goes with wind or water can't actually move
what reproduction method to protest use?
binary fission and conjugation just like bacteria
fungi reproducing asexually
binary fission cell division
Budding cell division, but one is bigger
fragmentation Hi Faye breaks off and then grows its own thing.
Producing spores a fruiting body pops up
The five groups of plants
Green algae, Mosses/relatives, ferns/friends,cone bearing gynomsperm, flowering angiosperms
Green algae
Found an aquatic environments
closest living relative of our plant ancestors
masses and relative
non-vascular
No lignin, reinforce cell walls
Close to ground
Seedless
Reproduce with spores leafy shoots on mass produce sperm or egg's sperm swims to the eggs and becomes an embryo, which grows into a sporangium that releases spores spores sprout into new leady shoots
ferns and friends
vascular and Ligman reinforced walls reproduce with spores under fern plant are egg and sperm structures. Sperm swim through water to get to egg embryo, grows into spores spores, grow into egg and sperm producing structures
conebearing naked seeds gynoisperms
vascular lignen reinforced wall
Produce seeds, seeds are in combs there a male and female cones mail cones produce pollen wind pushes pollen to female cones once fertilize cones, open up and seeds, drop and disperse
flowering plants, enclosed seeds, angiosperms
vascular have lignin seed producing sperm is pollen and ovaries are in flower pollen fertilizes the egg, the ovule, fertilized, egg become seeds, ovaries become fruit, fruit, protects, and distribute seeds. The pollen reaches the flower by bees insects or wind.
One adaptation for plants
plants developed a vascular system which allowed plants to transport water, and nutrients up to the top of their bodies at all around the plant this allowed them to grow farther and farther away from water, and closer to land,
One adaptation for animals, allowing them to be on land
animals develops lungs from the lung like bladder of fish, which allowed animals to breathe on land. Meaning they could leave the water without dying of lack of water they were still able to breathe with their lungs
three characteristics to help classify a new vertebrate
if it has scales-scales could mean it's a reptile or a fish
if they lay eggs- laying eggs is a trait usually only for Evies birds, reptiles, amphibian, or fish
If they are endothermic or warm, blooded, they could be birds aves or mammals
what are vertebrates
Chondrichthyes osteichthyseys reptiles, amphibians, Avis mammals
poriferia
they are sponges, their bodies full of pores there, a symmetrical all aquatic, but they lack true organs and tissues
cnidarians
jellyfish they are aquatic, radially symmetrical, have true tissues, no organs, single body opening
Nematoda
roundworms they have a complete digestive track. They have an exoskeleton brain like cluster of nerve cells.
Annelida
segmented worms like leeches segmented, body, simple brain digestive track muscle tissue
Arthropoda
insect like a spider live in all, have a tights, external crunchy skeleton with Ch chitin, segmented body pairs of appendages, bilateral symmetry, brain and head
Mollusca
snail, slugs, soft bodies, covered by exoskeleton, complete digestive track, nerve ring brain
platyhelminth
flat worms tapeworm bilateral symmetry, ribbon like true muscle tissue true organs, brain like cluster of nerve cell
echindormato
starfish or sea, cucumber, radially symmetrical tube, feet, all marine
cellulose versus chitin
both are found in cell walls Cellulose is in plants and chitin is in fungi.
cilia verses flagella
both help critters like protists or bacteria move
Celia is little hairs I can grab onto things and paddle a flagella is like a tail to help it swim
fruiting body versus mycelium
Both structures of fungi fruiting body is reproductive structure, and my Celiam is an undergrad met with hyphy that will help with feeding
Pollen versus fruit
They are both created from plants but pollen is the male gamete and fruit is a ripened ovary
Spores versus seeds
both reproductive structures on plants
Seeds come from angiosperms Or gybosperns
Where is spores come from ferns and mosses
what's the order of classification?
Kingdom, phylum, class order, family, genus species
lignin
provide support and structure of a cell wall to allow it to grow big and tall
vascular
A system that allows plants to transport water
what base is go together?
TNA. And CNG.
The letters that make up genetic code are examples of
nitrogenous bases
haploid cells
are sex cells with half the number of chromosomes needed
where does miosis occur
ovaries abd testes
mioses in females creates
1 egg cell and 3 polot bodies
interphase
dna is replicateed
prophase 1
homolougus cromosomes pair up
they attach an exchange segments of DNA
metaphase 1
homologus pairs meet at the middle shuffling the deck
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes are separated. Move to poles of the cell sister chromatids are still attached.
telophase and cytokinesis 1
the cell splits theese are geneticly different diploid cells at this point
prophase 2
no dna copying
metaphase 2
spindle, fibers, move, chromosomes, middle of the cell
anaphase 2
sister chromatids, separate and move to ends of the cell. They are now individual chromosomes.
telophace abd cytokenisis
nuclear membrane reforms now for haploid gametes for 23 Cromosomes
how are homologous chromosomes, genes, alleles, and DNA sequences related
Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that contain the same genes that may contain different alleles within that gene marker, and a DNA sequence is what is in that homologous chromosome a segment of the DNA sequence makes up your gene
mitosis versus meiosis
mitosis create two daughter cells meiosis creates four
mitosis are genetically the same meiosis are genetically different
Mitosis makes diploid body cells like skin meiosis, create a haploid sex cells
oogenesis versus spermatogenesis
One is produced every month where the others produced daily
One's produced in ovaries, while others in the testes sperm makes for viable sex cells. Well, an egg only makes one.
translocation
piece of non homoligus chromosomes mixes incorrect cross over
deletion
part of tge chromosome is lost or deleted
duplication
part of chromosomes is duplicated
inversion
part of chromosome is flipped
non disjunction
alters number of chromosomes in gamete chromosomes don't separate right during anaphase, one or anaphase to result in a missing or extra chromosome in a gamete
mutation
any change in DNA of the cell can be big or small if mutation happens during meiosis early it will affect all cells only a small portion cause genetic disorders
what is a genetic condition that could result from an atypical situation during meiosis?
down syndrome is a genetic condition where people have an extra 21st chromosome trisomy. This is caused by improper separation of chromosomes during anaphase one or anaphase two in meiosis also known as nondisjunction this happens more often when an egg from an older woman creates an embryo because their egg has been left on pause for a while and got older so it's not as good at the meiosis process and can make mistakes
how can offsprings be unique by their parents
parents can have very different looking children because the DNA each child gets is like a deck of cards at first each parent separately shuffle 30 and I am sure the DNA is genetically different then the parent then each parent deals out the chromosomes randomly so it depends on how chromosomes lineup is a chroma zones and alleles. Each money out were different if some alleles for the same other alleles could've been more dominant.
complete dominance
One over powers the other only two phenotypes
incomplete dominance
they mixed together, so three phenotypes
Codominant
three phenotypes but when they're together, they create a pattern
what chemical changes could affect genes being turned on or off?
temperature, daylight hours or hormone levels
what is a gene pool?
Gene pool is all the alleles are present in a population
successful organisms are
The ones that survive to reproduce and pass on theirgenes
vestigial structures
structures leftover that aren't used anymore
analogous structures
From convergent evolution structures that do the same thing but developed separately
homologous structures
structures that are close to the same, and do the same purpose developed from divergent evolution
divergent evolution
everyone came from one common ancestor and branched off into their own thing
convergent evolution
they started out as their own thing and evolved to be the same
differences in body shape, size or colour
are variations
Charles Darwin and Alfred Walliss Siri what are the four conditions that must be true
there must be variations in a population. Those variations must be heritable. They must be competition within a population. Natural selection isn't random the fittest individuals survive.
three trait types
anatomical -body parts
Behavioural-what are you do?
Physiological-how your body Works
natural selection three subtypes
stabilizing-middle of tge road
directional- shift tawords obe phenotype
disruptive- selects the extreme end of the phenotype and not the middle
sexual selection is
The females usually or other animal select for most favoured traits in their partners the traits are usually indicators of fitness. It's sexual selection because the female picks the person that gets to reproduce.
artificial selection
humans pick specific traits and breed for them
Gene flow
is a random event where same species from a new population get introduced in adds new alleles to gene pool
genetic drift two types
bottle beck- a population that loses members due to random events
Founder effect-a small number of individuals colonize an area, which could result in a new species
types of reproductive barrier's
geography
havitat
temporal-timing
mechanical-size
Behavioural
ganetic
hybrid infertile
Hybrid inviable
hemoglobin does what
helps to carry respiratory gasses
vili are filds that
ibcrease surface area in the small intestibes
altruism
ill scrath your back you scratch mine
kin selection
doing things to help your family do technicly your genes are still being passes down
pheno type
what shows up / presents
genotype
the letters the genetic coding
heterozygus
when someone has two different alleles for a gene
homozygous
when someone has two of the same alleles for a gene
allele
The little letters they are coding for a trait
gene
A gene is a part of chromosome and genes can control a trait
cellular respiration is
when oxygen reacts with food molecules to produce ebergy
animal respiratory surfaces are large because
they beed to maximise the diffusion of respiratory gasses
longer digestive tracts are in herbavours because
more time and surface area beeded to absorb nutrients from plant material
why are valves in viens
to keep blood from flowing backwards
the lub dub sound is
the closing if hearts valves
sheet of muscle tgat seperates the thiratic and abdominal cavity
diaphram
pancreas
an organ that secretes digestive enzymes
aveoli
the site if gas exchange just of bronceals
defibe biopsy
a biopsy is when medical proffessionals cut of a snall piece of somthing in your body and do tests in it usally done to see if a new mass is cancerous
what is an ultrasound
an ultrasound creates images using sound waves this is used to see devolpibg embryos in the uterous to see any deleys in growth for the embryo
electrocardiogram
an electrocardiogram is when electropads are att hed to somobes chest abd records tge ekectrical signals from the heart helps diagnose heart conditions such as abnormal heart conditions
pathway of blood starting in the vena cava
the deoxegebated bood goes from vena cava to right atruim then av valve then right ventricike through the pulminaey valve then ibto pulmany aretery to get to lungs now oxygenated bood traveks tgrough pulmanary viens back to the heart to the left atruim throygh av valves then to left ventricle pass tge aortic valve abd go to body through aorta
pathway of air at inhalation
goes through pharynx over larynx down treachea then bronci to bronceals that kead to aveoli
path way of food
esouphogus through parastelthus then stomauch small intestines large intestines then the rectum and elimination
amylase
a digestive enzyme produced by salavary glands hells to break down amylouse a startch
bile
a difestive enzyme produced by liver helps to break down fays into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed
pepsin
a digestive enzyme produced by staumach helos break down protiens
unhinging jaws
that jaw allows animals to eat bigger things becaause it niw fits in tgere mouth snakes are an example
long toungues
long toungues allow animals to quickly frogs are an example of grabbing food to fix the barrier of not getting food
extra stoumchs
cows ate an example with 4 staumachs help animals break down food if tgey eat a lot of plants tgey may beed extra help to break it down so they are fixing tge barrier pf digestioning food
arteries versus veins
artery and vein both transport blood artery is away from the heart and under high pressure, van Goghs in towards the heart under low pressure
bile vs saliva
are both break down food digestive enzymes files produced by the liver and breaks down fats. Saliva is produced by salivary glands and breaks down carbs.
trachea versus oesophagus
both tubes to transport things into our body, the trachea transport air in leads the bronchi oesophagus transports food and leaves the stomach
bronchitis versus colitis
both inflammation of some thing
One is the inflammation of the bronchioles and affects the respiratory system. One is the inflammation of the colon and effects the digestive system.
why is the left ventricle muscular?
The left ventricle is muscular because it Hass to be able to pump blood to the entire body
how does the structure help with the function of the gallbladder?
The gallbladder is a small little hollow ball just got delivered stores bile produced by the liver so it's good that hollow and right by the liver
intercostals
intercostals are made of muscle cells. It Hass to be made of muscle cells in order to contract and expand. My ribs are able to move out to make room for our lungs.
Red blood cells
Red blood cells are shaped like a cup, so they can easily transport respiratory molecules
sinus node
sinus node is made of nerve cells which is good so then I can pick up signals from the brain to tell the heart to beat faster or slower
how do digestive and respiratory systems work together to create energy?
our digestive system brings in food, and the nutrients get absorbed into the bloodstream. A respiratory system brings an O2 that gets absorbed into our bloodstream. We need food and O2 in our body in order to give cells energy because 02+ food become CO2 and H2O +80 P, which is energy our digestive and respiratory systems work together to bring in O2 and food into our bodies are cells can create energy.
why is respiratory and heart rate up after a workout?
after work out, our bodies breathing and heart rate is up because our body just use a lot of energy and we need O2 to make energy so our heart is beating faster to get the oxygenated blood to our cells so then we have to be breathing faster so our blood can get oxygenated faster