biology 3
name 4 types of pathogen
protist, bacteria, virus, fungi
how do viruses make us feel ill?
they cause cell damage
how do bacteria make us feel ill?
they produce toxins that cause the symptoms that make us feel ill
name 3 ways white blood cells defend against pathogens.
antitoxins, antibodies, phagocytosis
what do antitoxins do?
make us feel ill
what do antibodies do?
match the pathogen
what does phagocytosis do?
engulf pathogens
name 2 bacterial diseases
salmonella, gonorrhoea
name 3 facts about salmonella
lasts 4-7 days, found in food like chicken and eggs, can be treated with antibiotics usually
name 3 facts about gonorrhoea
it is an std, can be treated with antibiotics, use protection to prevent it from spreading
what pathogen is rose black spot caused by?
fungi
name 3 facts about rose black spot
it appears in the leaf, it appears in plants with low amounts of chlorophyll, the higher the rate of photosynthesis the lower the amount of infection
what pathogen causes malaria?
protists
how can you control the spread of malaria?
insect repellent, stop breeding of mosquitos, tablets
how many phases are there in a clinical trial?
3
what is phase 1?
used healthy volunteers and trials the drug to test for safety and potential side effects
what is phase 2?
use patients with the disease and trial the drug for effectiveness and look at different doses
what is phase 3?
use patients with the disease in large scale trials to test the drug for safety and effectiveness and see if it is better than existing drugs
name 3 viral diseases
measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
name 3 facts about measles
spreads when an infected person breathes, coughs or sneezes, can cause severe disease, complications or death, highly contagious and most common in children
name 3 facts about HIV
no vaccination, cannot be cured, std
name 3 facts about tobacco mosaic virus
mosaic pattern on the leaves, can survive up to 3000 days, the virus is rod shaped and very small
what type of pathogen do antibiotics kill?
bacteria, not viruses
what is meant by placebo?
a placebo is a fake medicine which people take and then they think it makes them feel better, when it does nothing
how does vaccination make a patient immune to a disease
a weakened or dead pathogen is injected, the white blood cells meet it and produce antibodies until producing one the correct shape. it gets attached to the antigen then the pathogen is destroyed by white blood cells, then once the real pathogen enters the body, the white blood cells recognise it
explain how antibiotic resistance arises
some bacteria have a mutation that causes resistance to anti-biotics. when an antibiotic is taken non resistant bacteria is killed but resistant bacteria will survive and pass on their genes, the proportion of resistant bacteria increases then eventually the whole population is resistant
name 4 ways the body prevents pathogens from entering the body
skin, stomach, nose, eyes
how does skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?
acts as a barrier for the body
how does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body?
produces acids and kills bacteria
how does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body?
produces mucus to trap pathogens
how do eyes prevent pathogens from entering the body?
tears contain enzymes to kill pathogens
name an example of fungi infection
athletes foot
name symptoms of salmonella
diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting
name symptoms of measles
cold like symptoms, fever, cough, runny nose