Muscoloskeletal system
What are the three types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
is a muscle that is responsible for voluntary movement such as walking and talking
skeletal muscle
muscle that is responsible for involuntary movement such as digestion
smooth muscle
muscle responsible for the contraction of the heart, for it to propel blood through the vascular system
cardiac muscle
what is a skeleton
it provides a skeletal framework to support and protect the body. stores calcium and other minerals, and this also produces cells within the bone marrow
two division of skeleton
axial and appendicular
what are the functions of bones?
-provides a framework to support and protect the body
-point of attachment with muscles
-is held together at the joint by ligaments, which are flexible bands of fibrous tissue
-store calcium and other minerals
-produce blood cells within bone marrow.
four type of bones
short
irregular
flat
long
parts of long bones
diaphysis and distal and proximal epiphysis
shaft or the long portion of the bone
Diaphysis
is the two ends of the bone
distal and proximal epiphysis
where are the smooth muscles found, are they considered voluntary muscles?
It is found in the walls of arteries, and respiratory passages. it is an involuntary muscle.
are flexible bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones close together at the joint
ligaments
cranium
crani/o
femur
femor/o
patella
patell/o
tibia
tibi/o
carpals
carp/o
pelvis
pelv/o or pelv/i
maxilla
maxill/o
scapula
scapul/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
sternum
stern/o
ribs
cost/o
radius
radi/o
fibula
fibul/o
tarsals
tars/o
phalanges
phalang/o
inflammation of ribs and cartilage
costochondritis
act of measuring the pelvis
pelvimetry
malignant tumor of connective tissue and muscle
myosarcoma
cell that breaks down bone
osteoclast
inflammation around the bone
periosteitis
pertaining to under or below the ribs
subcostal
pertaining to the sternum and ribs
sternocostal
pain in the calcaneum or heel bone
calcaneodynia
porous bone
osteoporosis
tumor of muscle
myoma
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
arthrodesis
rupture of muscle
myorrhexis
abnormal condition of being stiff, bent, or crooked
ankylosis
weakness or debility of muscle
myasthenia
softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
visual examination of a joint
arthroscopy
deformity by deviation of the great toe.
CAUSED BY ILL FITTING SHOES
bunion
other term for bunion
hallux valgus
its is where corn or callus develop where the 1st and 2nd toe overlap
bunion
possible treatment for bunions
nonsurgical - wide toed shoes, antiinflammatory medications, shoe inserts, padding.
surgical - bunionectomy
disease in which a fluid-filled sac arise from joint capsules or tendons. commonly occurs in the wrist, hand or foot.
ganglion cyst
this can be painful, a bone spur or osteophyte may be seen
ganglion cyst
this can be seen at the far joint of the finger
bone spur
what are the treatments of ganglion cyst?
may resolve spontaneously, corticosteroids, needle aspiration of fluid from the ganglion, gangliectomy to remove the ganglion
break or crack in a bone
fracture
types of fracture
closed (simple)
open (compound)
complicated
comminuted
impacted
incomplete
greenstick
colles
a fracture that breaks with no external skin wound
closed or simple fracture
a fracture with a wound leading to the side, and a protruding bone
open or compound
a fracture in which a broken bone injures an internal organ
complicated
fracture in which the bone is broken or splintered into pieces
comminuted
a fracture in which the end of the broken bone wedged into another bone
impacted
a fracture in which the fracture line does not include the whole bone
incomplete
a fracture in which the bone i partially bent and split, common in children or people with soft bones
greenstick
a fracture in which the break is in the lower end of radius
colles
signs and symptoms of fracture
pain
swelling
trauma
crushing
cancer
osteoporosis
what are the treatment for francture
reduction
a. closed reduction
b. open reduction
analgesics or muscle relaxants
its the realignment of broken bone ends
reduction
manipulating the bones through the skin, followed by immobilization or fixation using casts, slings, and taping
closed reduction
realignment through a surgical opening, followed by internal or external immobilization or fixation using wires, plates, rods, screws, and pins
open reduction
aligning the bones by inserting pins and screws
internal fixation
protrusion or herniation, of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
herniated disk
other term for herniated disk
prolapsed disk
is the gelatinous material at the center of the intervertebral disk
pulposus
signs and sypmtoms of herniated disk
severe back pain, paresthesia and restricted mobility of the neck, intensifying pain with coughing, sneezing, or bending, dull ache
what are the possible treatment for herniated disk
bedrest
alternating application of heat and cold to the area
muscle relaxant\
a treatment for herniated disk
laminectomy and spinal fusion
numbness and burning feeling
paresthesia
inflamiation of the mjor leg nerve, may cause radiating pain from lower back to left leg
sciatica
its a procedure to correct herniated disk, its is when the vertebral posterior arch is ixcises
laminectomy
its the relief of pain and pressure by using weights and pulleys to immobilize the size
traction
chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease
affects the synovial membranes of joins
can be cartilage destruction, bone erosion, and joint deformity
rheumatoid arthritis
signs of rheumatoid arthritis
joint pain and stiffness
crippling deformities
treatment of RA
NSAIDs
physical therapy
orthopedic measures
surgery
how does RA affects joint cartilage
the changes associated with the inflammatory process slowly destroy joint cartilage
why is RA a crippling disease
it doesn't have a cure, it progresses until it destroys cartilage and connective tissue
acute or chronic infection of the bone forming tissue
osteomyelitis
how does osteomyelitis spreads?
infection
blocked blood flow to area
bone death and pus formation in area of infection
acute sugns of osteomyelitis
fever
local signs of inflammation
chronic signs of osteomyelitis
ulceration
drainage
localized pain
treatment of osteomelitis
long term antibiotic
surgical drainage to remove pus and the bone
tissue and bone graft to restore blood flow
systemic connective tissue disorder
disorder of the uric acid
common in middle aged and older men
gout
signs of gout
severely inflamed joints becasue of uric acid crystals
swollen, hot, and painful joint when touch
occurs in the joint of the great toe
red, swollen, painful knees
arthralgia
group of hereditary disease consist of progressive degeneration of muscles, includes Duchenne dystrophy
muscular dystrophy
localized tissue death in response to disease or injury
necrosis