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atoms

relative charge of a proton

+1

relative mass of a proton

1

relative charge of a neutron

0

relative mass of a neutron

1

relative charge of a electron

-1

relative mass of electron

1/2000

atomic number

the number of protons inside the necleus of an atom

mass number

the number of protons and neutrons inside the necleus of an atom

how to calculate neutrons

take the bottom number from the top number

shell 1

2 electrons

shell 2

8 electrons

shell 3

8 electrons

shell 4

whatever is left

group number =

number of electrons in the outer shell

magnesium + oxygen =

magnesium oxide

3 types of ionic bond

ionic, covalent and metallic

ionic bond

formed when atoms join together as a result of gaining or loosing electrons

covalent bond

formed when atoms join together as a result of sharing electrons

metallic bond

the bonding holding metals together formed by the metal having ions in a sea of delocalised outer electrons

what did democritus discover

400BC- claimed atoms cannot be split

John dalton discovered?

1803-suggested atomic theory and came up with theories that atoms were tiny particles, unsplitable, which made up elements

JJ Thompson discovered?

1898-discovered electrons and proved that atoms can be split.

Ernest rutherford discovered

1909-used experiment work to develop the necleur model in which most of the mass is concentrated in the positivly charged necleus with electrons orbiting the necleus

1917?

discovered positive charge exists as individual protons

Niels bohr?

1913-discovered that electrons could only travel along certain shells

James Chadwick

1932- devised an experiment that showed the existence of neutrons also found in the necleus.

mobile phase

where the molecules can move this is a liquid or gas

stationary phase

where the molecules cant move this can be a sold or really thick liquid

Rf values

distance travelled by substance ➗
distance travelled by solvent

isotopes

atoms of the same element with different masses. they have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons. SAME chemicak reactions

relative atomic mass

(% x isotope mass) + (% x isotope mass) ➗100

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