Victimology
it is sexual completion that leads to mature adjusted individual capable of entering into relationships with a member of the opposite sex which is both physically and emotionally stable and satisfying to both heterosexual partners.
Normal sexuality
is a behavior which seeks stimulation and gratification by means other than heterosexual, like with animals, etc.
Sexual deviancy
it is a sexual disorder characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain erection for successful intercourse.
Erectile Insufficiency (impotency)
it is the unsatisfactorily brief period of sexual stimulation that results in the failure of the female partner achieve satisfaction.
Pre-mature Ejaculation
it is the inability to ejaculate during sexual intercourse resulting to worry between partners.
Retarded Ejaculation
a sexual disorder characterized by partial or complete failure to attain lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement by the female partner.
Arousal Insufficiency (frigidity)
a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in achieving orgasm
Orgasmic Dysfunction
the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
Vaginismus
it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women.
Dyspareunia
it is a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex. It is also called "lesbianism/tribadism" for female relationship.
Homosexuality
refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such as man who wears female apparel.
Transvestism
sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with opposite sex.
Fetishism
a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.
Pedophilia
the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals
Bestiality
it is also called "self-abuse", sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of another.
Auto-sexual(self-gratification/masturbation)
is a sexual desire with an elderly person.
Gerontophilia
an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse.
Necrophilia
a sexual relation between person who by reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry.
Incest
an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual intercourse
Satyriasis
a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge.
Nymphomania
it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.
Oralism
male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act of suckling that initiates orgasm
Fellatio
sexual gratification is - attained by licking the external female genitalia
Cunnilingus
licking the anus of the sexual partner
Anilism (anillingus)
pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
Sado-masochism (algolagnia)
achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or objects instead of human beings.
Sadism
infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.
Masochism
is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.
Sodomy
sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the breast or licking parts of the body.
Uranism
the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person.
Frottage
it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner.
Partailism
the person is commonly called "the peeping Tom", an achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as peeping to the dressing room, couples room, toilets etc. and frequently the person masturbate during the peeping activity.
Voyeurism
the intentional all of watching people undress or during sexual intimacies.
Scoptophilia
three persons participate in sexy orgy such as two women versus one man or vice versa
Troilism
group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called "sexual festival".
Pluralism
it is called "indecent exposure" intentional exposure of genitals to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
Exhibitionism
the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.
Coprolalia
the act of seducing women as a career without permanency of sexual partner or companion.
Don Juanism
is defined as an undesirable consequence caused by some external forces (as in victims of war, victims of terrorism, victims of natural calamities) or by some individual, group or organization (victims of rape, robbery, murder or swindling).
Victimization
is defined as a discipline/study which deals with the nature, causes of victimization, as well as the programs for aiding and preventing victimization.
Victimology
is defined as a social scientist who deals with the study of the causes of victimization and the programs of preventing victimization.
VICTIMOLOGIST
is a person who has suffered direct, or threatened, physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a crime, or in the case of a victim being an institutional entity, any of the same harms by an individual or authorized representative of another entity.
VICTIM
refers to any person, group, or entity who has suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity (man-made).
Crime Victim
means any non-accidental trauma, injury, or condition, including inadequate nourishment that, if left unattended, could result in death, disfigurement, illness, or temporary or permanent disability of any part or function of the body, including inadequate nourishment.
Physical Harm
is considered a mental harm,suffering, damage, impairment, or dysfunction caused to a person as a direct result of some action or failure to act by some individual.
Psychological Injury
economic loss refers to financial loss and damage suffered by a person like loss of property, business establishment and the like.
Economic Loss
Fathers of the study of victimology
Benjamin Mendelsohn,
Hans Von Hentig
The Father of Victimology
Benjamin Mendelsohn
who was seen as an easy target, careless and unsuspecting.
depressive type
was seen as easily duped because his or her motivation for easy gain lowers his or her natural tendency to be suspicious.
greedy type
is particularly vulnerable to stress that occurs at a given period of time in the life cycle, such as juvenile victims
wanton type
the victim of attack from the target of his abuse, such as the battered woman
tormentor
Latin victima
victim
Greek logos
"system of knowledge," "teaching," or "discipline" "study"
According to this view, some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY
Occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first.
ACTIVE PRECIPITATION
Occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristics that unknowingly threaten or encourage the attacker. The crime can occur because of personal conflict
PASSIVE PRECIPITATION
According to this theory, people may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal offenders.
LIFESTYLE THEORY
According to this theory victims do not encourage crime but are victim-prone because they reside in socially disorganized high crime areas where they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders.
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
is a general theoretical model from which, any form of victimological phenomena can be explained
Psycho-social coping theory
The victim may feel fear, anger, or sadness. They might talk to friends or a counselor to process their feelings (psychological coping).
Emotional Coping
They could take extra safety in the future, like avoiding walking alone at night or carrying pepper spray
Behavioral Coping
The victim might lean on family or friends for support, or even join a community group that works on crime prevention
Social Coping
This theory was first articulated by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson.
is a criminological theory that explains how crime happens based on the daily activities and routines of people.
ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY
hosted the First International Symposium on Victimology in Jerusalem, Israel 1973 and co-edited its 5 volume proceedings with Emilio Viano.
ISRAEL DRAPKIN
taught one of the first full-fledged victimology courses at a university 1965 and completed one of the first victimological doctoral dissertations in Canada
EZZAT A. FATTAH
promoted restitution and compensation and created a viable scheme for the government to pay for victim expenses.
SARA MARGERY FRY
published the first victimology textbook in Japan, was the 3rd president of the WSV and hosted of the 4th International Symposium on Victimology
KOICHI MIAZAWA
authored the first English book on restitution, Restitution to Victims of Crime in 1960 and the first English textbook on victimology The Victim and His Criminal in 1968, and hosted the 2nd International Symposium on Victimology 1976
STEPHEN SCHAFER
writing from the US, the German born law professor authored a significant article on the relationship between victim and perpetrator <<<Remarks on the Interaction of Perpetrator and his Victim>> in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology in 1940 and wrote a chapter about victims in his criminology text, The Criminal and His Victim 1948
HANS VON HENTIG
In 1947, he introduced the concept of Victimology in his article "Une nouvelle branche de la science bio-psycho- sociale: Victimologie" in The American Law Review.
BENJAMIN MEDELSOHN
hosted the Third International Symposium on Victimology in 1979, where he launched the World Society of Victimology in which he served as its founding and first president from 1979 to 1985, and authored the first German language textbook on victimology 1975
HANS J. SCHNEIDER
was one of the first in the Netherlands to conduct research about victims and introduced victimology to his country with the publishing of an article Victimology in the Journal of Criminal Justice in 1959
Willem H. Nagel
one of the pioneers in psychiatry to study and write about victimology in Canada especially the psychological dynamics between offender and victim where he discussed his concept of victimogenesis the vulnerability of persons whose risk of becoming a victim was significant with certain persons (1954).
HENRI ELLENBERGER
Victim data reveal that young people face a much greater victimization risk than do older persons.
AGE
Except for the crimes of rape and sexual assault, males are more likely than female to suffer violent crime, Men are twice as likely as women to experience aggravated assault and robbery. Women, however, are six times more likely than men to be victims of rape or sexual assault.
GENDER
People is the lowest income categories are much more likely to become crime victims than those who are more affluent.
SOCIAL STATUS
Divorced and never married males and females are victimized more often than married people. Widows and widowers have the lowest victimization risk.
MARITAL STATUS
In the U.S., African Americans (Blacks)are more likely than whites to be victims of violent crime.
RACE
Urban residents are more likely than rural or sub-urban residents to become victims of crime.
RESIDENCE
Behaviors that Increase Risk
1. Spending time with groups of young men.
2. Going out late at night.
3. Living in cities or urban areas.
Behaviors that Reduce Risk
1. Staying home at night.
Living in rural areas.
2.
Avoiding public places.
3. Earning more money or being married.
Victims in this group have a lifestyle that make them a higher risk for being a victim of a violent crime.
HIGH RISK VICTIMS
Victims that fall into this category are lower risk victims, but for some reason were in a situation that placed them in a great level of risk.
MODERATE-RISK VICTIMS
The lifestyle of these individuals would normally not place them in any degree of risk for becoming a victim of a violent crime.
LOW-RISK VICTIMS
According to Pearlin and Schooler, it's means the things people do to avoid being harmed by stressful situations, like crime
Coping
When a person becomes a victim of a crime, their experience can go in two directions.
1. decide not to tell anyone
2. choose to report
This means crimes that happen but no one knows how many because they aren’t reported.
dark figure of crime
weak by virtue of age and immaturity
The young
often less physically powerful than the male
The female
incapable of physical defense, and the object of confidence schemes.
The old
unable to think clearly, e.g. the feeble-minded, the insane
The mentally defective
unsure of the rules if conduct un the surrounding society
The immigrants
Racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agencies of justice
The minorities
the simple-minded person, the “born victims of swindlers”
The dull normal
there is no provocation or facilitating behavior
Complete Innocent Victim
victim inadvertently places himself in a compromising situation
Victim with Minor Guilt
victim was engaging in vice crimes and was hurt, e.g. suicide victim
Victim as Guilty as Offender
victim provoked or instigated the causal act
Victim more Guilty than Offenders
victim started off as the offender and was hurt in turn
Most Guilty Victim
victim pretends to be one due to a mental disorder
Imaginary Victim
submissive by virtue of emotional condition
The Depresses
always wanting more, looking for quick gains
The Acquisitive or Greedy
ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure, e.g. promiscuous persons
The Wanton or Overly Sensual
similar to the acquisitive type of victim by virtue of wanting companionship or affection
The Lonesome
those suffering from heartaches and pain
The Heartbroken
a victim who asked for it, often from his or her own family and friends
The Tormentor
Victims’ physical weakness or psychological distress renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime and makes them easy targets.
Target Vulnerability
Some victims have some quality, possession, skill, or attributes that an offender wants to obtain, use, have access to, or manipulate. Having attractive possessions, such as leather ciat, may make one vulnerable to predatory crime.
Target Gratifiability
Some characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses in potential offenders. Being gay of effeminate, for example, may bring om undeserved attacks in the street; being argumentative and alcoholic may provoke assault.
Target Antagonism
is something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical, is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristics, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions.
Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal behavior is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a long period of time.
(King, 2008)
defines abnormal behavior in medical terms as a mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person’s brain and can affect the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with people.
The American Psychiatric Association (2001, 2006)
the word abnormal means ‘away from the norm’. Many population facts are measured such as height, weight and intelligence.
Deviation from statistical norms
every culture has certain standards for acceptable behavior. Behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be abnormal behavior.
Deviation from social norms
A man who attempts suicide or a paranoid individual who tries to assassinate national leaders are illustrations under this criterion.
Maladaptive behavior
it refers to the inability of a person to reach goals or to adapt the demands of life.
Maladaptive to One’s self
it refers to person’s obstruction or disruption to social group functioning.
Maladaptive to Society
The fourth criterion considers abnormality in terms of the individual’s subjective feeling, personal distress, rather than his behavior.
Personal distress
This could be anything as simple as worrying about a calculus test or grieving the death of a loved one.
Long Period of Discomfort
a distinction must be made between simply a passing period of inefficiency and prolonged inefficiency which seems unexplainable.
Impaired Functioning
that has no rational basis seems to indicate that the individual is confused. The psychoses frequently results to hallucinations (baseless sensory perceptions) or delusions (beliefs which are patently false yet held as true by the individual).
Bizarre behavior
impulsive, apparently uncontrollable behavior that disrupts the lives of others or deprives them of their human rights on a regular basis.
Disruptive behavior
is a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving.
personality disorder
It is an aberration in the development process leading to maladaptive behavior. It deviates from morality or acceptable normality to abnormalities
Personality disorder
Those with SPD may be perceived by others as somber, aloof and often are referred to as “loners”.
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)
Although they are prone to unjustified angry or aggressive outbursts when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, those with PPD more often come across as emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD)
This disorder is characterized both by a need for isolation as well as odd, outlandish, or paranoid beliefs.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)
is characterized by lack of empathy or conscience, a difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPB) – APD
– This mental illness interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate emotion. ---are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.
Borderline Personality Disorders (BPD
is characterized primarily by grandiosity, need of admiration, and lack of empathy.
Narcissistic Personality Disorders (NPD) – NPD
Individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attempt to get attention in unusual ways, such as bizarre appearance or speech.
Histrionic Personality Disorders (HPD)
are often hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to take social risk. displays a high level of social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal contact.
Avoidant Personality Disorders (APD)
People with dependent disorder typically exhibits a pattern of needy and submissive behavior, and rely on others to make decisions for them.
Dependent Personality Disorders (DPD)
Individuals with OCPD, also called Anankastic Personality Disorder, are so focused on order and perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes with productivity and efficiency.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders (OCPD)
is also known as psychoneurosis or Neurotic disorder, and thus those suffering from it are said to be neurotic.
Neurosis
is a functional nervous or emotional disorder, less serious than psychosis, marked by severe anxiety, depression, and the like, without any apparent physical origin.
Neurosis
Anxiety reaction has diffused fearfulness, tension, and restlessness with sometimes snowball into episodes of panic.
Anxiety Reaction
is a massive repression or dissociation of certain aspect of experience or memory varying in intensity from sleepwalking to amnesias and multiple personality disturbances.
Dissociative Reaction
illustrates symbolic resolution of conflict that imitates the effects of physical illnesses like paralysis, blindness, anesthesia, etc
Conversion Reaction
refers to intense irrational fear of specific objects or events that may have symbolic significance on the afflicted individual.
Phobic Reaction
has repetitive, irrational thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) which usually involve some symbolic effort at conflict resolution.
Obsessive-Compulsive Reaction
refers to depression, usually accompanied by guilt, feelings or inferiority, and anxiety (Beltran, 1996).
Depressive Reaction
are commonly known as “neurotic fear”.
Anxiety Disorder
When it is occasional but intense, it is called
panic
When it is mild but continuous, it is called which is usually accompanied by tensions, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc.
worry
This disorder involves excessive unrealistic worry and tension, even if there us little or nothing to provoke the anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
This disorder keeps recurring attacks to a person of intense fear or panic, often with feelings of impending doom of death. People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning.
Panic Disorders
is condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – PTSD
– is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes, heights, or flying.
Specific Phobias
this is also called as social phobia. It involves overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations the worry often centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule
Social anxiety disorder
Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be found.
Somatoform Disorders
This refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition (multiplicity about illness).
Hypochondriasis
– It is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain.
Psychogenic Pain Disorder
It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
Conversion Disorders (Hysteria)
– loss of sensitivity
Anaesthesia
– excessive sensitivity
Hyperesthesia
– partial loss of sensitivity to pain
Hyperthesia
– loss of sensitivity to pain
Analgesia
– exceptional sensation
Paresthesia
– selective loss of function
Paralysis
– inability to control leg when standing
Astasia-abasia
– partial inability to speak
Aphonia
– total inability to speak
Mutism
a response to an obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and depersonalization.
Dissociative Disorder
– the partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences
Amnesia
– total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires a long period of medication
Brain pathology amnesia
– failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten material”.
Psychogenic amnesia
– it is also called “dual personalities”. The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different from each other.
Multiple personality
– the loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experiences.
Depersonalization
are groups of clinical conditions characterized by a loss of sense of control of their moods and affects, and a subjective experience of great distress mood may be elevated on depressed.
Mood Disorders
– there are swings in mood from elation (extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness) with no discernable external cause.
Bipolar Disorder
– during the manic phase of this disorder, the patient may show excessive, unwarranted excitement or silliness, carrying jokes too far.
Manic Phase
often sleep more than usual and are lethargic.
Depressive Episode
is when the person experiences extended, unexplainable periods of sadness.
Depressive Disorder
a person suffering from major depressive disorder is in a depressed mood for most of the day, nearly every day or has lost interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities, for a period of at least two weeks.
Major Depressive Disorder
– single episode depression is like major depression only it strikes in one dramatic episode.
Single Episode
– is an extended pattern of depressed episodes.
Recurrent
It means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a “loss of contact with reality”.
Psychosis
– demonstrates severe depression during the involution period without previous history of psychosis.
Involution Reaction
– there is a presence of inappropriately exaggerated mood and marked change in activity level with associated thought disorder.
Affective Reaction
– shows cyclical disturbances involving various combination of an alternation between excitement and delusional optimism on the one hand and immobilizing, delusional depression on the other.
Manic-depressive Reaction
- bizarre behavior; disturbances of thought and reality testing; emotional withdrawal
Schizophrenic Reaction
– is a group of disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behavior.
Schizophrenia
Emil Kraepelin first identified the illness in 1896 when he distinguished it from the mood disorders. He called it , which means a premature deterioration of the brain.
dementia praecox
– people with schizophrenia often have the sensation that there are things (like bugs and insects) crawling across their skin.
Tactile (touch)
– this kind of hallucinations causes the person to see things that are not really there.
Visual (sight)
– This is the most common type of hallucinations. People with auditory hallucinations hear voices and sounds that others cannot hear.
Auditory (hearing)
– the person experiencing an olfactory hallucination smells things (usually foul smelling things) that others do not smell.
Olfactory (smell)
– when a voice commands the person to do something he/she would not ordinarily do.
Command (hearing)
– people suffering schizophrenia often cannot think logically and as the result of this they cannot write a story, because every word they write down might make sense, but are meaningless in relation to each other, and they cannot keep their attention to the writing.
Disturbance of thought and attention
– the schizophrenic believes that he/she is being talked about, spied upon, or his/her death being planned
Persecutory Delusion
– the schizophrenic give personal importance to completely unrelated incidents, objects, or people.
Delusion of Reference
– during acute schizophrenic episodes, people say that the world appears different to them, their bodies appear longer, color seem more intense and they cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
Disturbances of Perception
– schizophrenic persons fail to show ‘normal’ emotions. This symptom is easiest described as an excessive lack of correlation between what an individual is saying and what emotion they are expressing.
Disturbance of Affect
– During schizophrenic episodes, the individual becomes absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies.
Withdrawal from Reality
– if a person has paranoid schizophrenia, he or she:
a. Is very suspicious to others
b. Has great schemes of persecution at the root of the behavior
c. Has hallucinations and delusions which are also the symptoms of this type of schizophrenia
d. Displays the psychotic symptoms
Paranoid Schizophrenia
– is usually:
a. Expressed through a person’s having no motivation or interest in everyday life
Residual Schizophrenia
Expressing emotions that are not appropriate to the situation
Disorganized Schizophrenia
– A person diagnosed with disorders is usually:
a. Extremely withdrawn, negative, isolated, and has obvious psychomotor disturbances
Catatonic Schizophrenia
5. – people with this disorder exhibit the symptoms of more than one of the above mentioned types of schizophrenia, but without a clear predominance of a particular set of diagnostic characteristics.
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia