respiratory system
exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere
external respiration (ventilation)
what is human respiration?
-human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide
-it regulates body pH (potential of Hydrogen)
-it plays important function in speech production
types of respiration
1. external respiration (ventilation)
2. internal respiration
3. cellular respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
internal respiration
is the release of energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen within every living cell
cellular respiration
the actual mechanical intake of air
breathing
two phases of breathing
1. inhalation
2. exhalation
• the process of taking in air
• Body gets oxygen from the air
• Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out
• Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs
• Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.
inhalation
• the process of blowing out air (Get rid of carbon dioxide)
• Often exhaling is a passive event.
• Rib muscles relax
• Diaphragm muscle relaxes
• Tissue returns to resting position and forces (pushes) air out
exhalation
Number of breath per minute ( 14-24 breaths/min normal RR for adults)
respiratory rate (RR)
The amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs during each normal breath (it amounts to 500 ml in an average young man)
tidal volume
Is the total amount of new air that moves into the lungs each minute. This is equal to the tidal volume X respiratory rate.
minute respiratory volume
absence” or cessation of breathing
apnea
difficulty of Breathing
dyspnea
abnormally fast or rapid breathing
tachypnea
abnormally slow of breathing
bradypnea
a person who experience absence or cessation of breathing
apneic
a person who experience difficulty of breathing
dyspneic
a person who experience abnormally fast or rapid of breathing
tachypneic
a person who experience abnormally short of breathing
bradypneic
-Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers found in the in the brain stem (pons and
medulla oblongata) to keep up with body’s demands.
-Increase in CO2 and decrease body pH stimulate the respiratory center to increase the rate of
respiration.
control of breathing
Human Respiratory System Components:
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Trachea (Windpipe)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (Site of gas exchange)
The Nose
The Pharynx
The Larynx
The Trachea
The Bronchi
The Alveoli
The Lungs
pathway of inhaled air:
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Trachea (Windpipe)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (Site of gas exchange)
-it is the first and last organ that air passes through.
-It has bony and cartilaginous parts.
-it also helps you to speak, and is the organ that gives
you the power to smell.
The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities.
The nasal mucosa is coated with a moist mucus membrane which warms the air if it is too cool,
and moistens the air if it is dry.
the nose
The external opening of the nose is known as __________
nostrils or nares
The skin part of the nasal cavities behind the nostrils is known as the ________________
vestibule
It has __________ and _________ glands and ___________ known as vibrissae, which catch the dirt or
other impurities that may be in the air.
sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles
It has sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles known as _____________, which catch the dirt or
other impurities that may be in the air.
vibrissae
-most commonly known as the throat.
-It serves as a common passageway for both food and air.
-A funnel-shaped area located between the mouth and the larynx
the pharynx
three regions of pharynx:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Also known as the voice box. Since it contains the vocal cords for voice production
It opens above to the laryngopharyx and it is continuous to the trachea below.
The framework of the larynx is made up of cartilage which are connected by membranes and
ligaments and moved by muscles.
the larynx
The major cartilages that make up your larynx include:
o Thyroid cartilage
o Cricothyroid
o Epiglottis
o Corniculate cartilages
o Cuneiform cartilages
-the adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
- a complete ring of cartilage below the thyroid cartilage.
Cricothyroid
- a leaf-shaped elastic cartilage that guards the entrance of the larynx
(prevents food to enter the larynx)
epiglottis
The ________, or windpipe connects the larynx to the bronchi.
(it starts at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and ends by dividing into two main
bronchi)
the trachea
The trachea is made up of between _____and ______cartilage rings in the shape of a "U"
16 and 20
The open part of the_______shape is covered with the ________ muscle
"U shape"
Trachealis muscle
The trachea is lined with________________________________.
ciliated epithelium coated with mucus
The trap foreign materials in the trachea are transported by the movement or _________ of the cilia towards the pharyngeal area which either ingested or sneezed off.
"beating"
The trachea branches off into two main_______ , your left and right primary ________, which lead to the left and right lung respectively.
the bronchi
- it leads to the left and right lung respectively
left and right primary bronchi
The right main bronchus is slightly _____ ,______, and __________ than the left main bronchus, which makes it more vulnerable to foreign body invasion. At this point in breathing, the air has been moistened, purified and warmed
wider, shorter, and more vertical
_________________________ is slightly wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus, which makes it more vulnerable to foreign body invasion. At this point in breathing, the air has been moistened, purified and warmed
The right main bronchus
Each bronchi enters its lung and begins on a series of branches, called the ________________________
bronchial or respiratory tree.
The first of these branches is the __________________. Each lobar bronchus branches into one lobe.
lobar (secondary) bronchus
The next branch in the bronchi is called the ___________________.
segmental (tertiary) bronchus.
Each branch continues to branch into smaller and smaller __________________
bronchioles
The final branch is called the ___________________. These bronchioles are smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter.
terminal bronchioles
Sac-like or cup shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles that are grouped in clusters. (They resemble bunches of grapes)
A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
the alveoli
the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged
o Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
o Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveolus.
The lung has many millions of alveoli, which gives your lungs an incredible surface area for gas
exchange.
alveolus
-it is the main organ in respiratory system
the lungs
The Right lung consists of __________________separated by a
horizontal fissure and oblique fissure.
three lobes (superior, middle, inferior lobes)
_________________consists of three lobes (superior, middle, inferior lobes) separated by a ____________ and ______________.
The Right lung
horizontal fissure and oblique fissure
The left lung consists of ___________________ separated by an oblique fissure.
two lobes (superior and inferior lobes)
_____________ consists of two lobes (superior and inferior lobes) separated by an _____________.
The left lung
oblique fissure
The walls of the thoracic cavity and the lungs are covered by a membrane known as ___________
Pleurae
The ________________ is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into the fissures between the lobes.
visceral pleura
The _____________ is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity..
parietal pleura
Between the membranes is a fluid filled space called the __________________
pleural cavity
_________ (from the Greek ἅσθμα, ásthma, "panting") is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, excessive mucus production and bronchospasm. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Asthma
is listening to the internal sounds of the body usually using a stethoscope.
is performed for the purpose of examining the circulatory and respiratory system as well as gastrointestinal system (bowel sounds)
auscultation
listens for the timing, interisity, frequency and duration of your heartbeats
Circulatory auscultation
listens for the existence, quantity and quality of any sound your bowel makes
Gastrointestinal auscultation
listens for the duration, frequency, amplitude and quality of your breaths
Respiratory auscultation
fine, bubbling sound heard on auscultation of the lung. Produced by air entering the distal airways and alveoli that contain serous secretions.
-Crackles
-Smaller airways
Fluids in lungs (aveoli)
CHF, Pneumonia
Crackles (RALES)
abnormal, coarse, rattling respiratory sounds, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways.
-Larger airways
Obstruction or fluid accumulation in the larger airways
COPD, Pneumonia
Rhonchi
abnormal, high-pitched, musical sound caused by an upper airway obstruction (subglottic)
Upper airway
-Over trachea
Foreign airway obstruction
Stridor
form of rhonchi, characterized by a high pitched, musical quality. Produced in the lower airways (bronchioles)
-Effects Bronchi Constriction Air trying to pass through the bronchioles
Asthma Bronchitis
Wheezing