AGRI 608
is the application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential for plant growth.
Irrigation
Irrigation and Drainage and Water Resources Management shall include the design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance of irrigation and agricultural drainage systems, drip, sprinkler and other pressurized irrigation system; hydro-meteorology; surface and ground water resources management; irrigation structure and facilities such as dams, pump systems, conveyances, canals and flumes.
RA 8559: (AE Law)
Irrigation refers to the artificial application of water to the soil to assist in the growing of agricultural and forest crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall, and shall include drip, sprinkler, shallow tube well and other pressurized irrigation system; national and communal irrigation systems; surface and groundwater resource management; and irrigation structures and facilities such as dams, weirs, pump systems, conveyances, canals and flumes.
RA 10915 (ABE Law)
To add water to the soil to supply the moisture essential for plant growth
Purposes of Irrigation
2. To provide crop insurance against short duration droughts.
Purposes of Irrigation
3. To cool the soil and atmosphere, making more favorable environment for plant growth.
Purposes of Irrigation
4. To reduce the hazard of frost.
Purposes of Irrigation
5. To wash out or dilute salts in the soil.
Purposes of Irrigation
6. To reduce the hazard of soil piping.
Purposes of Irrigation
7. To soften tillage pans and clods.
To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling.
Purposes of Irrigation
To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling.
Purposes of Irrigation
7. To soften tillage pans and clods.
Purposes of Irrigation
1. Insufficient rainfall
Conditions Requiring the Necessity of Irrigation
2. Uneven distribution of rainfall
Conditions Requiring the Necessity of Irrigation
3. Improvement of perennial crop
Conditions Requiring the Necessity of Irrigation
4. Development of agriculture in dessert area
Conditions Requiring the Necessity of Irrigation
1. Availability of water in the field whenever it is needed and during critical period of crop growth.
Advantages of Irrigation
2. Controlled irrigation hasten the microbial activity of soil organism and regulates chemical processes necessary in soil conditioning.
Advantages of Irrigation
3. Provides necessary conditions in the efficient utilization of fertilizer by plants, control of pest and diseases for better quality products.
Advantages of Irrigation
1. Increased yield of crops
Benefits of Irrigation
2. Protection from famine
Benefits of Irrigation
3. Help in improved cultivation of cash crops
Benefits of Irrigation
4. Prosperity of farmers
Benefits of Irrigation
5. Source of revenue
Benefits of Irrigation
5. Source of revenue
Benefits of Irrigation
6. In multipurpose reservoir, hydroelectric power generation can be another function
Benefits of Irrigation
7. General communication to other areas
Benefits of Irrigation
8. Increase farm benefits, i.e., lower the cost of production
Benefits of Irrigation
7. General communication to other areas
Benefits of Irrigation
8. Increase farm benefits, i.e., lower the cost of production
Benefits of Irrigation
9. Increase land value, i.e., increased cropping intensity and higher property cost
Benefits of Irrigation
10. Lead to an economically stable community.
10. Lead to an economically stable community.
1. Rising water table
Negative Effects of Irrigation
2. Formation of marshy lands
Negative Effects of Irrigation
3. Dampness in weather
Negative Effects of Irrigation
4. Loss of valuable lands
Negative Effects of Irrigation
4. Loss of valuable lands
Negative Effects of Irrigation
1. Soil salinization due to the use of saline water or to the rise of saline water table
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
2. Water logging due to excess water application
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
3. Nitrate and pesticides contamination of the groundwater (and surface waters) due to excessive use of chemicals in intensive agricultural production and/or to overirrigation
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
4. Soil erosion due to surface runoff from surface and sprinkler irrigation systems
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
5. Soil degradation due to modifications of the soil profile from inappropriate land grading
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
7. Degradation of water bodies receiving saline irrigation return flows
The most common environmental impact of on-farm irrigation
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
1. Banana
early growth stage
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
2. Beans
Flowering and pod development
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
3. Cabbage
head formation and enlargement
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
4. Citrus
during flashes of new growth, fruit setting and rapid increase in fruit size
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
5. Corn
silking and ear development
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
6. Peanut
peak of flowering to early fruiting stage
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
7. Potato
Period of stolonization and tuber initiation
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops. Sugarcane
Vegetative period, during period of tillering and stem elongation
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
9. Sweet Potato
after formation of tubers
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
10. Rice
Reproductive stage during panicle initiation
Critical Growth Stage of Some Crops
11. Munggo
during germination and at flowering stage and pod stage
- Irrigation follows civilization
- The pressure of survival and the need for additional food supplies have necessitated the rapid expansion of irrigation throughout the world.
History, Development and Extent of Irrigation
Irrigation Development in the Philippines
Rice Terraces, Zanjeras, 1902, and 1963
Irrigation Development in the Philippines
employed indigenous engineering craftsmanship through the collective efforts of the community people. This structure speaks of the skill, aesthetic value and a deep sense of unity and collectivism among the Ifugaos.
Rice Terraces
Irrigation Development in the Philippines
a group of farmers in Ilocos Norte who practiced collective management of irrigation system. Their advance practice of irrigating their lands was attributed to the increasing density of their population and the shrinking average farm size.
Zanjeras
Irrigation Development in the Philippines
Creation of the Irrigation Division under the Bureau of Public Works.
The Irrigation Division was tasked with the responsibilities of investigation, construction, maintenance and development of irrigation systems and repair of those in existence.
1902
Irrigation Development in the Philippines
Creation of the National Irrigation Administration
Considered as milestone in the national effort to boost production agricultural production through the irrigation infrastructure. NIA was created primarily to achieve the optimal and diversified utilization of water by undertaking integrated irrigation development projects.
1963
Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by NIA
1. National Irrigation systems (NIS)
2 Communal Irrigation System (CIS)
Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by NIA
- the service area is more than 1000 hectares
- constructed, owned and managed by the government with minimal participation of the beneficiaries
- the beneficiaries pay irrigation service fee
National Irrigation Systems (NIS)
Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by NIA
- service area is less than 1000 hectares
- constructed by the farmers with technical support from NIA
- owned and managed by the beneficiaries through its irrigators group
- the farmers amortized the cost of the project
Communal Irrigation System (CIS)
Other Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by DA
is a small scale dam structure constructed across a narrow depression or valley to hold back water and develop a reservoir that will store rainfall during the rainy season for immediate or future use.
Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP)
Other Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by DA
I. Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP)
1. Watershed Area
2. Service area which is preferably lower than the damsite
3. Reservoir Area
4. Structural components consisting of the embankment, spillway, outlet works, irrigation facilities and access road
Physical Components
Other Types of Irrigation Systems Supervised by DA
I. Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP)
1. Soil and water conservation
2. Irrigation of crops and watering of stocks
3. Flood mitigation lessen or stop flooding
4. Fish production or duck raising
5. Recreation
6. Collect and store surface and runoff water during the rainy season for immediate and future use.
7. Provide supplemental irrigation and/or water for livestock.
8. Minimize soil erosion and siltation of fertile bottom lands.
Development Purposes
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
consist of an earth dam to trap, harvest and store rainfall and run-off.
Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
II. Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
Basic Components of the SFR System
The area bounded by high points from which runoff drains into the reservoir. Adequate catchment area is necessary to harvest runoff and fill the reservoir to its capacity. It is commonly built using bulldozer.
a. Catchment Area
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
II. Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
Basic Components of the SFR System
The portion of the farm where water is stored by an earth embankment. Earth embankment is the dam structure which traps the water. It is normally made from soil excavated from the upstream side of the embankment.
Reservoir
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
II. Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
Basic Components of the SFR System
The farm being irrigated using the stored water from the reservoir. This is usually situated at a lower elevation relative to the reservoir water level.
Service Area
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
are effective in level areas with dependable shallow groundwater. In general, they are effective irrigation technology that provides water sources in rainfed lowland and supplements irrigation needs on areas not effectively serviced by existing irrigation system. This can also be located in level upland farms with dependable sources of shallow groundwater.
Shallow Tubewell Projects (STW)
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
is a special irrigation technology that requires pressure and distribute water in the form of drip and sprinkler irrigation system. It is an efficient irrigation distribution system requiring the presence of water source.
Pressurized Irrigation Systems (PIS)
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
are systems of weir established across a river with continuos flow to raise water level and allow diversion of water by gravity to the adjoining farmlands. They also serve as provision to control stream bank erosion. To ensure sustainable flow, they require adequate and well-vegetated areas.
Diversion Dams (DD)
Other types of irrigation systems supervised by DA
I. Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP)
II. Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
III. Shallow Tubewell Projects (STW)
IV. Pressurized Irrigation Systems (PIS)
V. Diversion Dams (DD)
VI. Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS)
VII. Spring Development (SD) for Irrigation Purposes
VIII. Other Irrigation Systems that uses renewable energy source
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
I. Pre-Construction Phase
- present hydrologic budget, identification of irrigable areas
Reconnaissance
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
I. Pre-Construction Phase
location of the project, selection of irrigable area, project size, preliminary determination of main works, land classification, land use, predicted water demand (estimate of irrigation water requirement), predicted future hydrologic budget (determination of other sources of available water, analysis of the chemical quality of water, inventory of resources present hydrological budget, water resources potential, choice of production system
2. Project Identification
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
I. Pre-Construction Phase
determination of project size, alternative proposals for water supplies and facilities, hydraulic criteria, selection of cropping patterns, optimization of the scheme of water distribution, sizing and costing of main engineering works, economic analysis of the project (agric-economic, socio-institutional), sustainability dimensions of the project (economically viable, technologically feasible, environmentally friendly, social justice and culturally acceptable).
Feasibility Study
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
II. Construction Phase
Final design of distribution system, network and hydraulic structures, detailed cropping pattern, detailed delivery schedules, irrigation methods and practices, hydraulic criteria, cropping pattern, supply scheduling, method of water delivery, irrigation method and practices, capacity of engineering works, optimization of water use.
1. Detailed Project Design
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
II. Construction Phase
Supervised the construction of irrigation structures, check on crop water needs, irrigation efficiencies studies, review of scheme of water scheduling
Project Implementation
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
III. Operation and Maintenance ( O&M) Phase
monitoring of field water balances, detailed operation scheduling (formulation of the Cropping calendar and Cropping Pattern), training of farmers on water application and scheduling, conflict management, collection of irrigation fees, research, review water supply schedules, evaluate water use efficiency, evaluate technical and managerial supply control, improve and adjust system operation, establish data collection routines on water, climate, soil and crop, prepare supply schedules on daily basis.
Operation Activities
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
III. Operation and Maintenance ( O&M) Phase
- regular maintenance, repair and improvements, rehabilitation
Maintenance activities
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
IV. Turn-over Phase
- partial/full turn-over
- participatory management
Phases of Irrigation Enterprise
I. Pre-Construction Phase
II. Construction Phase
III. Operation and Maintenance ( O&M) Phase
IV. Turn -Over Phase
It is the integrated process of diversion, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution and application of the right amount of water at the proper time and removal of excess water from the farm to promote increase production in conjunction with improved cultural practices.
Irrigation Water Management
Objectives of Water Management
a. Supply the right amount of water to meet crop needs
b. More effective utilization of rainfall
c. Control or reduction of conveyance, distribution and farm losses
d. Adoption of suitable scheme of distribution and application of irrigation water
e. Reduction of drainage problems
Maximize water utilization
Objectives of Water Management
a. Proper land use
b. Proper cultural practices
c. better farm management technique
Promote increased production
that portion of rainfall which is considered usable for the crop water requirement.
Factors that influence effective rainfall in flooded rice condition:
1. Intensity of rainfall
2. Depth of submergence - shallower depth, greater effective rainfall
3. Size and maintenance of farm dikes
4. Topography of the land
Effective Rainfall