PHYSICS
On first certury Ad -Hero of Alexabdrua docomened many early _________
thermal engines
_________ develops a water thermometer on 1593
Galileo
________ designs and builds the first vacuum pump in 1650
Otto von Guericke
________publishes Philosophiae Naturalist Principia Mathematica 1687
Isaac Newton
oaents an early steam engine 1698
Thomas Savery
creates a more practical steam engine 1710
Thomas Newcomen
develops calorimetry 1760
Joseph Black
________ considers the mechanical equivalent of heat from cannon boring experiments 1798
Benjamin Thompson (count Rumford)
considers an early version of the first law of thermodynamics for work-free chemical reactions 1840
Germain Henri Hess
___________ reaktes heat and work 1840
Julius Robert von Mayer
James Prescott Joule
________publishes his theory of energy concrvation 1847
Hermann von Helmmholtz
______- introduces the concept of entropy 1865
Clausius
___________ formalize mathematical thermodynamics 1870
Josiah Willard Gibbs
_______ and _________ develops statistical thermodynamics 1870
Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzman
___________ publishes a rigorous axiomatic formulation of the laws of thermodynamics 1909
Constantin Carath'eodory
_______ advances non-equilibrium thermodynamics with his reciprocity relations 1931
Lars Onsager
according to _______ of thermodynamics temperature is an important quantity to measure because it shows whether or not heat will transfer between obejcts
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
States that if the system are in thermal equilibrium, no heat flow will take place
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Heat energy cannot be created nor destroyed. But it can be moved from one place to another and changed into and out of various types of energy
1s Law of Thermodynamics
Is a thermodynamic attribute of the system that refers to the energy connected with the molecules of the system. Comprises kinetic energy and potential energy
Internal energy
______ is a form of energy
heat
According to the ________________ any naturally occurring process will always cause the universe entropy (S) to increase. The law states that the entropy of an isolated system will never decrease over time
2nd Law of thermodynamics
_______ is a measure of the randomness of the system, or it is the measure oof energy or chaos within an isolated system.
quantitative index describes the qulitiy of energy
Entropy
________ is theproperty of a substance that gives a sensation of hotness and coldness
Temperature
Kinds of thermometer
Liquid in glass thermometer
Infrared ear Thermometer
Thermistor Digital Termometer
This kind of thermometer is also known as tympanc thermometer
Infrared ear thermometer
Heat and ________ are not the same
temperature
Heat has a standard unit of ______.
Heat is also called _________
Joule
Thermal energy
is the grand total of all energies of a body. It is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles making up the body
Internal Energy (U)
________ is the quantitative measurement of heat exchange using the conservation of energy
Calorimetry
_________ is the amount of heat needed to change the phase of a unit mass of substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid
Latent heat Fusion (L`f)
_________ is the amount of heat needed to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas or gas to liquid
Latent heat of Vaaporizaation (L`v)
There are three ways heat is transferred into and through the atmosphere
Radiation, conduction, and cnvection
________ is the transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic radiation
radiation
most of the ecromagnetic radiation that comes to the earth from the sun is ___________
invisible
is the number of electromagnetic waves moving past a point each second
Frequency
When eye views all these different colors at the same time, it is interpreted as _________
white