chemistry
what is a solute
a substance that is dissolved in a solvent
what is a solvent
the compenent of a solution that is present in rhe geeatest amount
solution
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
what is aqueous?
a solution that contains water
why is water the universal
solvent
because it can dissolve many things
when does a solute dissolve
interactions like solute-solute, solute-solvent, solvent-solvent (force of attraction
what is the rule with dissolving solvents and solutes?
like dissolves like (polar or nonpolar)
shat are the ranges of polarity, nonpolarity and ionic
0-0.4 NONPOLAR
0.5-1.6 POLAR
1.7+ Ionic
solubility of ionic N Polar
dipole interaction (dissociation)
Barium Chloride gets put in water
Ex: BaCl2(s) --> Ba+2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
how can sugar dissolves in eater
because sugar is polar and water is polar and the diff negative and positive molecules attract each other
what are ways to classify a solution
saturated - max amount of solute dissolved
unsaturated - more solvent than solute
supersaturated - too much solute
you can tell its supersaturated because the ionic compound wont dissolve
what are the 2 favtors that affect solubillity?
temperature
solid - as temp goes up solubillity goes up
liquid - no change
gas - decrease solubillity as temp goes down because space is too big
^^STATE OF SOLUTE
pressure
solid - nothing
liquid - nothing
gas - increase solubillity with increase of pressure
what does it mean if your below rhe solubility curve, above and on the curve?
unsaturated - under
aaturated - on
supersaturated - above
what is comcentration? what are the units?
solute/solvent
units are mol/L
concentrated = more solute
diluted = more solvent
what is the formula for concentration? for moles? for volume?
C = n/v
n = Cv
v = n/C
how do you prepare a solution?
from a solid; mass of solid is determined (M).
add water in volumetric flask
Ex: NaOH
C = 0.500mol/L
V = 0.325L
MNaOH = 40g/mol
n= CV
n= 0.500(0.325)
= 0.1625moles
0.1625moles x 40g
1mol
= 6.5g
prepare from a solution to a new solution (C1V1 = C2V2)
Ex:
C1 = 6mol/L HCl
V2 = 275mL
C2 = 0.500mol/L
V1 = C2V2
C1
V1 = 0.500(0.275L)
6
V1 = 0.0229L
net + total ionic equations
THE THREE EQUATIONS
double displacement
2 ionic substances
acid + base
ex: sodium chloride reacts with copper (II) sulfate
IS AN Insoluble salt created?
Balanced equation -
CaCl2 (aq) + CuSO4(aq) -->
CaSO4(s) + CuCl2(aq)
WRITE OUT EVERY ION AND CHARGE
Ca+2 + SO4 --> CaSO4(s)
what is the difference between acids and bases
acids have Hydrogen, bases have Hydroxide
does an acid or base have ionization?
acid
what is ionization?
splitting of neutral molecular compound
is dissociation base or acid?
base
what is dissociation?
splitting of neutral ionic compound
whats the difference between weak acid abd strong acid?
how easily it ionizes
HCL - STRONG ACID
exacetic acid - WEAK ACID
strong vs weak base
how easy it dissociates
ecample of a steong base
NaOH
example of a weak base
NH3
concentrated acid examples
HCL@6mol/L
dilute acid example
HCL@3mol/L
if you have a 1 to 1 mole ratio and are teying to do neutrlization what equation can tou do?
CAVA = CBVB
if you DONT have a 1 to 1 mole ratio what equation do you use?
ROADMAPS
ex: H2SO4 + 2NAOH (what acid vs base equation do tou use)
roadmaps becausw its not a 1:1 ratio netween acids and bases
describe why watwr is a good solvent
polarity and hydroegn bonds
what are the 7 stronf acids
CSI NBC,
HCl
HSO4
HI
HNO3
HBr
HCIO4/HCIO3
what are the 4 trebds in the periodic table?
atomic radius, electron affinity, electronegativity, ionization energy
describe the trend for ionization energy
ionization increases as you go left and right and decreases as you go down a group
what is ionization energy?
is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. rhe higher the ionization energy, the harder it is to remove an electron
what is electron affinity?
the energy released when an atom is gained
what are the trends of electron affinity
electron sffinity increases when going right wnd decreasew going down a group. this is due to nucleur charge which attracts an elevtron more strongly. the decrease down a grouo is due to the added valence shells which nakes rhe electrons furrher away from the nucleus
what is electronegativity?
how strongly an atom attracts an elevtron into a bond
what are the trends of electro affinity?
increases from left to right snd decreasea down a group because if nucleur charge
what is atomic radius
how far or close an atom is to the nucleus
what are the trends of atomic radius?
increases down a group because of added valence shells and decreases when going from left to right due to the increasifn chsrge pulking the electrons cloeer
to the centre
order rhewe elemnts S, Al, K, Mg, Sr froom biggest atomic rwdius to smallest
Sr, K, Mg, Al, S
how can we use electronegativity values to determine if a bond within a molecule is ionic, nonpolar covalent or polar covalent?
over 1.7 is ionic, 0.4-1.7 is polar covalent, 0-0.4 is nonpokar covalent
what are the word snd chemical equations of complete combustion and incomplete combustion?
CH4 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O (COMPLETE)
CH4 + O2 --> CO + H2O (INCOMPLETE)
how do combustion reactions contribute to global warming?
by releasing greenhouse gases like CO2 and CO
what is the black powder of a fireplace? what does the presence of the black powder indicate about the chemical reaction in the fireplace? Why is the proper maintenance of a fireplace important for safety?
The black powder is soot and is made from incomplete combustion.
what is the formula for finding yield
actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
what is an atom?
Atoms are neutral because they have the same number of protons and electrons
what is an ion?
an ion is a charge particle that forms when an atom has gained or lost electrons to achieve a full or stable octet
do metals tend to lose or gain electrons
Lose and they are called cations
do nonmetals tend to gain or lose electrons
gain and they're called anions
remember to include square brackets and charge and dots around element for an ion
Free question
[O]+2 - atom or ion
ion
O2 - atom or ion
atom
if you lose electrons, do you have a positive or negative charge
Positive
what is an isotope?
an atom with the same number of protons as another atom, but a different number of neutrons
how to write standard atomic notation?
mass number on top atomic number on bottom and chemical symbol on the right of those
what do scientists use distinguish isotopes?
mass number
what is a mass number?
The sum of the protons and the neutrons
what is periodic law?
when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is in periodic repetition of their atomic structures and chemical and physical properties
what group is this: these elements are strong, hard metals that are good conductors of electricity with a range of physical and chemical properties
alkaline earth metals
what is this group: this chemical family includes an extremely reactive group of nonmetals, which are non-lustrous and nonconductive
halogens
what is this group: this group of elements includes extremely unreactive gases with very low melting and boiling points
noble gases
what is this group: this group of elements include soft, shiny metals that are very reactive
alkali metals
does atomic radius increase or decrease as you go down a group on the periodic table what causes this trend?
atomic radius increases as you go down a group since the number of shells increases.
what trending ionization energy occurs across the period on the periodic table what causes this trend?
Hey Brooke! The trend for ionization energy across a period on the periodic table generally increases from left to right. This increase happens because, as you move from left to right, the nuclear charge increases due to the addition of protons in the nucleus. The increased nuclear charge exerts a stronger pull on the electrons in the outer shell, making it more difficult to remove an electron, hence requiring more energy to ionize the atom.
if a new element has five ionization energies how many valence electrons which expect to be present in an atom of this element
five valence electrons because there is five ionization energies
what is the difference between electron affinity and ionization energy?
Hey Brooke! Electron affinity and ionization energy are related but different concepts in chemistry.
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom to form a positively charged ion. On the other hand, electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negatively charged ion.
So, in summary, ionization energy is about removing electrons, while electron affinity is about adding electrons to atoms.
which has a higher electron affinity LI or NA explain your reasoning
Hey Brooke! When comparing lithium (Li) and sodium (Na), sodium has a higher electron affinity than lithium. This is because sodium has a larger atomic number than lithium, which means that sodium has more protons in its nucleus. The increased nuclear charge in sodium attracts an additional electron more strongly compared to lithium, resulting in a higher electron affinity for sodium.
what are three characteristics of an ionic compound?
Metal plus nonmetal, electrons transferred, positive and negative ions
what are three characteristics of a molecular compound?
nonmetal plus nonmetal, two or more nonmetals, electrons are shared, atoms
H2CO3 name it.
carbonic acid
hydrofluroic acid. write the chemicls formula
HF
how can you tell by looking at a chemical formula if it is an acid or a base?
bases use hydroxide OH, acids include hydrogen atom at the front H
what is electronegativity?
A measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons the greater the electronegativity, the stronger the atom will attract shared electrons
what are partial charges?
dipoles
NA has a low Ionization energy because it's easy to remove valence electrons
and chlorine has a high electron affinity because it's easy to gain
to calculate the atomic mass of germanium, what is the equation? (if tou have percents and isotopes)
isotope(percent in decimal) + isotope2 (pervent in decimal) +
isotope 3 (percent in decimal)
when you go to the left and down, are you getting more reactive or less??
more
when you go up to the right, are you getting more reactive or less reactive?
less
I organization, energy, electron affinity, electronegativity all have the same patterns
decreae as tou go down groups and incresse across a period
what does a metal hydroxide decompose to?
Metal oxide, and water
what does a hydrate decomposed to?
ionic compound and water
what does a metal oxide and water make in synthesis?
base
what does a nonmetal oxide and water make?
acid
what does complete combustion decompose to?
CO2 plus H2O(liquid or gas)
what does incomplete combustion decompose to?
CO, C,CO2 + H2O
complete combustion produces what coloured flame?
Blue
what colour flame does incomplete combustion make?
Yellow orange flame
what is molar mass?
The mass in grams of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass
why do chemist use moles?
They use moles, as accounting unit to measure the amount of a substance
what is stoichemitry?
The study of quantitative relationships that can be derived from balanced chemical equations
what do you coefficient represent?
The coefficient and a balanced chemical equation represent the number of particles involved in a chemical reaction
coefficient are also moles to coefficient equals two mole
Free question
what is theoretical yield?
The amount of product predicted based on stoichiometric calculations
what is actual yield
The amount of product that is actually collected during a chemical reaction
what is percentage yield
The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a Percentage
can the actual yield ever be greater than the theoretical yield explain
Yes, it can due to errors such as side reactions and incomplete reactions
what's the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield?
Theoretical yield is what you calculate it to be an actual yield is what the experiment tells you it is
what is molecular formula?
States the actual number and kind of atoms of each element in compound
what is empirical formula?
The smallest ratio of elements in a compound