CRIM3002
what is social control?
different organisations that contribute to the reproduction of social order
how many police forces in UK
43
what is meant by the police's uniques characteristic
the police's ability to wield non-negotiable force
Right Care, Right Person
- Met Commisioner Sir Mark Rowley
- March 2023
- aim to make health care realted calls be dealt with by the correct agencies instead of the polcie being the deafult first responder.
examples of what the police do
- problem-solving
- peace-keeping
- crime control and investigation
- arrests
- crime prevention
Stephen Lawrence 1993
- Black teenager murdered in a racially motivated attack whilst waiting for a bus.
- insufficent evidence left the case cold until it was reopened in 2011 due to new found evidence.
- resulted in the abolition of the 'double jeopardy' allowing someone to be tried for a crime twice.
Crime and Disroder Act 1998
- granted local authories more responsabilties in aim to help reduce racially motivated crime
Police Reform Act 2002
- systems introduced to enable staff with the potential to fufik key roles by providing training at all levels
PACE 1984
- aim to unify police powers under one code of practice
- aim to help the rights of the individual against the power of the police.
informal control
- social values and sanctions learnt form socialisation through rewards and punishements.
- informal sanctions include shame, sarcasm, disapproval and in extreme cases discrimination and exlusion.
formal control
control from:
- legal system
- police
- regulatory agencies
- courts
- tribunals
- administrations of ines, probation and imprisonment
Soical Control Theory - Hirschi, 1969
- asks why dont we all commit crime and what stops us?
- emphasises the bond between individuals and society as the
primary operative mechanism is his social theory.
1 = emotional attatchment to others
2 = commitment to lifestles
3 = involvement in convential values
4 = belief in correctness of social obligations
Hirschi critisms
- only considers external bonds
- clinical conditions
- white collar crime
other agents of social control
- teachers
- government agencies
- RSPCA and charities
- Medical Personnel
what is discretion?
- the freedom of the indivual officer to act according to their own judgement in particular situations
positives of discretion
- allows police to be flexible
- scarse resources
- positive autonomous judgement
negatives of discretion?
- police are selective and unaccountable
- abrogation of the law
- power imbalance
- open to abuse
constraints on discretion
- 'reasonable suspicion' rule
- PACE legislation
- accountability mechanisms
- management directives
examples of organisational culture
- NHS
- fire service
- military
- schools
- universities
- sports club
- media
define cop culture:
- shared values, beliefs, norms and informal rules within the police community shared down through colleauges
Reiners 8 Principles of Cop Culture
1 = mission
2 = action
3 = pessimissm
4 = suspicion
5 = prejudice
6 = isolation
7 = conservatism
8 = machismo
Loftus, 2009
- looked at variations within a police force dividing them into Northville and Southville.
- found cops in urban areas were less tolerant of people with less sense of solidarity.
key examples of cop culture
- the yorkshire ripper (pulling rank, sexism and racism)
- stephen lawrence (racism, selective enforcment)
- hillsborough disaster (labelling, blue code of silence, bullying)
- sarah everard (sexism, whistle blowing, 'jobs for the boys')
define canteen culture
- orginated as the place officers socialised and supported each other however expanded into a toxic enviroment where discrimitory views are spread and shared
police and criminal evidence act, 1984
- allows stop and search in the streeet
- entry search and seizure
- powers of arrest and detention
- evidence at trial
organisation accountability
- provided through hierarchical rank structure and disciplanary code
define police legitimacy
- the extent members of the public view the police as a higher authority figure and the willingness they have to obey and co-operate with the police
4 components of procedural justice
- giving the police a public voice
- discretion
- demonstrating levels of dignity and respect
having trustworthy motives
miners strike 1984-85
- difficult time for police as community relationships with the police were under unprecedented strain
Brixton Riots - 1981
- breakdown of procedural justice
- over-polcing of black community
define public order policing
- a description characterization of style, oragnisation and tactics of policing that likens it to the military.
what is paramilitary policing?
- armed groups who are not part of the regular military however are organised on military lines and possess military-style capabilties.
effects of blurred lines between military and police authority?
- lower legitimacy levels
- impacts on accountability
- lower levels of discretion
define the militarys purpose
- ultimate line of defence
- used in cases of emergencies
- keeping peace
- detterence (e.g cold war)
define the purpose of prisons
- locking up criminals
- keeping society safe
- rehabilitation
who created the panopticon theory
Jeremy Bentham - power of being watched and knowing your are being watched
how is surveillance and discipline used as a preventative measure?
- shows power and control
- evidence
- Foucaults theory of 'disciple and punish'
define 'The Mega Event'
- a sporting specatacle (usually a celebration)
- calls for repurposing of policing and security
- examples include world cup and olympics
what are the security risks at mega events?
- high concentration
- high vizualization
- high impact
define hate crime
any physical or verbal assualt against someone/people due to their race, religion, sexual orientation or disabiltiy
what legislation deal with hate crimes
The crime and disorder act 1998
who arent covered by the hate crime legislation?
- woman
- elederly
Charles Booth (1889-1891)
- created maps of london looking at the llife and labour of the people
- defined different classes in london
The Chicago School - 1925
- Burgess created concentric zones demonstrating the transitions between classes from the city to the outskirts of chicago
who created the broken windows theory
Wilson and Kelling
deaths in police custody statistic
black people represent 3% of population but 8% of deaths in police custody