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PSYCH*1000 lifespan development

Developmental psychology

the study of human physical, cognitive, social, and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan.

Cross sectional design

is used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time

Longitudinal design

follows the development of the same set of individuals through time.

Cohort effect

are differences among people that result from being born in different time periods.

Zygote

the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse which forms a zygote.

Germinal Stage

the first phase of parental development, which spans from conception to two weeks

Embryonic stage

spans weeks two through eight during which time the embryo begins developing major physical structures such as the heart and nervous system, as well as the beginnings of arms, legs, hands and feet.

Fetal stage

week 8 through birth, during which the skeletal, organ and nervous systems become more developed and specialized.
week 8 through birth, during which the skeletal, organ and nervous systems become more developed and specialized.

substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

consist of abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and physical development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy.

Preterm infants

are born earlier than 36 weeks

Reflexes

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

The Moro reflex

the startle reflex when infants do a hugging motion which allows infants to hold on when support is suddenly lost

The grasping reflex

stimulant in the infants palm the grasp is strong enough to hold something

The stepping reflex

walking or dancing reflex when infants sense pressure on the sole of their foot you will see the leg straighten.

Synaptogenesis

describes the forming of the new synaptic connections

Synaptic pruning

the loss of weak nerve cell connections. At birth the infants brain has a complete set of neurons wit sparse connections, during the first year the axons grow longer and form connections. The axons that don t grow eliminate which is synaptic pruning.

Sensitive periods

windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development in a specific ability. Language fluency, balance, perception, recognition of parents

Cognitive development

the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan.

Assimilation

is fitting new information into the belief system you already possess.

Accommodation

a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience

Sensorimotor stage

the stage spans from birth to 2 years during which infants thinking about the exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory and motor experiences

Object permanence

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

Preoperational stage

which spans ages 2 to 7 and is devoted to language development, the use of symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation.

Conservation

the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object.

Concrete operational stage

children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers.

Formal operational stage

involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

Zone of proximal development

development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress.

Scaffolding

a highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learners needs

Attachment

the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between infants and caregivers

Strange situation test

a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

Secure attachment

the caregiver is a secure base that the child turns toward occasionally for reassurance.

insecure attachment

two subtypes:
Anxious/ambivalent- the caregiver is a base of security but the child depends on them too much and is clingy

Avoidant- the child behaves as though they don t need a caregiver at all.

Attachment behavioural system

which is focused on meeting our own needs for security

Caring behavioural system

which is focused on meeting the needs of others.

Introjection

he internalization of the conditional regard for significant others

Inductive discipline

which involves explaining the consequences of a childs actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings

Self awareness

the ability to recognize ones individuality

Egocentric

meaning that they consider only their own perspective

Theory of mind

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs and perspectives that may be different from ones own.

Primary sex traits

are changes in the body that are part of reproduction

Secondary sex traits

are changes in the body that are not part of reproduction example pubic hair.

Menarche

the onset of menstruation, occurs around age 12

Spermarche

their first ejaculation of sperm, at around age 14

Delaying gratification

involves putting off immediate temptations in order to focus on longer-term goals.

Preconventional morality

characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment.

Conventional morality

regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour

Postconventional morality

considers rules and laws as relative. Rights and wrongs are determined by more abstract principles of justice and rights.

Identity

which is a clear sense of what kind of person you are, what types of people you belong with and what roles you should play in society.

Menopause

the termination of the mensural cycle and reproductive ability.

Criticism

picking out flaws, expressing disappointments, correcting eachother and making negative comments about a spouses friends and family

Defensiveness

responding to perceived attacks with counter-attacks

Contempt

dismissive eye rolls, sarcastic comments, and a cutting tone of voice

Stonewalling

shutting down verbally and emotionally.

Socioemotional selectivity theory

which describes how older people have learned to select for themselves more positive and nourishing experiences.

Alzheimer's disease

a degenerative and terminal condition resulting in severe damage to the entire brain

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