BLOCCO 4
What is organic chemistry primarily the study of?
carbon compounds
What is a significant property of pi bonds regarding rotation?
they are not free to rotate
According to valence bond theory, how do bonds form?
when orbitals on atoms overlap
An orbital is defined as an allowed energy state for an electron with an associated probability function that defines what?
the distribution of electron density in space
In sp² hybridization, how many hybrid orbitals are formed, and how many p orbitals remain unhybridized?
three sp² hybrid orbitals and one unhybridized p orbital
An ethylene (ethene) molecule contains which combination of bonds between the two carbon atoms?
one sigma bond and one pi bond
What is a significant property of sigma bonds regarding rotation?
they are free to rotate
What is a key characteristic of a sigma (σ) bond regarding its symmetry?
cylindrically symmetrical
Atoms tend to form bonds to achieve a noble gas electron configuration, which typically means having how many valence electrons?
eight valence electrons
Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
What do electrons primarily determine in a molecule?
bond formation and molecular structure
A C-H bond in methane (CH4) is an overlap between a half-filled 1s orbital from hydrogen and which type of hybrid orbital from carbon?
sp³ hybrid orbital
What is formed when electrons are unequally shared between two different atoms due to different electronegativities?
a dipole
In formaldehyde (CH2O), what is the hybridization state of both the carbon and oxygen atoms?
sp² hybridized
What characteristic allows carbon to form an endless variety of molecules?
strong bonds to other carbon atoms and diverse elements
How many electrons does a carbon atom possess?
six electrons
What is the primary mechanism of covalent bonding?
sharing of electrons between atoms
What is the primary mechanism of ionic bonding?
transfer of one or more electrons
What is the characteristic geometry of sp hybrid orbitals?
linear
According to the Pauli exclusion principle, how many electrons can each orbital hold?
two electrons
What is the approximate angle between any two sp³ hybrid orbitals in a tetrahedron?
109.5 degrees
Nonpolar covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons in what manner?
fairly equally
How do pi (π) bonds typically form between p orbitals?
by sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals
The electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2px¹ 2py¹ for carbon is a result of which rule?
Hund's rule
What is the approximate carbon-carbon triple bond length in ethyne (acetylene)?
1.20 Å