Topic 10
eukaryote are considered a
monophyletic group
the frist eukaryotic cell from a derived trait which was
endosymbios, which is the formation of an endomembrane in its system
eukaryotes can be
animal and plant cells
eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes
measruing 10-100um
eurokaryotes have a
plasma membrane, which is selectuve barrier to their envirnoment
eukaryotes also have
cytoplasm, which have cytosol (fluid), organelles (memebrane inclosed with functions) and inlusions (stores energy)
eurokaryotes have a mitochondria which
does cellular resperation and synthesisez ATP
eukaryotes have golgi apparatus which
track proteins and phospholipides
they have two endoplasmic reticulums
a rough one that synthesises proteins and a smooth one that stores calcium and synthesises lipids and the other shit
they have a cytoskeleton which is
a network of fibers like microtubes, microfilaments and intermediate filaments that maintain the shape of the cell and are the "highways" and rapport shit
animal cell eukaryotes also have
peroxisome which serves as a cleaner
eukaryote cells also have
lysosomes which digest stuff
some eukaryote animal cells have
flagellum, which have a cytoskeleton that runs their them nd they are covered in a plasma membrane
photosythetic Eukaryotes have both
mitochondria and plastids (closey related organelles) that include chloroplast, chromoplast, and amyloplasts
what doe chloroplasts do
photosynthesis
what do chromoplasts so
pigmentation for fruit and flowers
amyloplasts are for what
POTATOES, starches
plant cell eukaryotes specifically have
a vacuole (stores water), a cell wall, plastids and usually no flagella
animal eukaryote cells specifically have
no cell walls and no chloroplasts
fungi eukaryotes specifically have
no flagellum, have a cell wall, and have less division of cells
some eukaryotes show
pseudopodia, which is an add onused for eating and moving around
any eukaryote that isnt a plant, animal or fungus is called a
protists
protists have large divisities of
reproduction, nutrition and life cycles
protists can reproduce
sexually and asexually
protists are usually consisted of
one single cell
what is sexual reproduction
diploid (2n) organisms make haploid (n) cells through meiosis, they are usually dif sizes and when together make diploid zygote
what are the disadvantages of sexual reporduction
takes time and energy to find mate, dilutes its genes, two-fold cost of sex (only one of the sexes reproduces offspring)
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction
new combinations of genetic depending on the enviornment, speeds up adaptation, get rid of deleterious alleles that have an effect of fitness
what is a life cycle
a sequence of stages from generation to generation, has two phases diploid and haploid
what are the three types of life circles
diplontic (multipule diploids), haplodiplontic (multipule diploids and haploids) and haplontic (one diploid cell)
protists example
plasmodium, parasite from mosquitos that causes malaria (haplontic)
fungi are
heterotrophs and decomposers
fungi reproduce
sexually and/or asexually
why is being heterozygote for the sickle cell and normal cell more good
because the genotype (AS) doesnt have a full affect on the person health, only changes the red blood cell slighty, which makes it harder for malaria to survive. therfore being advantagous
two more examples of protists
dinoflagellates and bioluminescence
what is bioluminesence
makes light, cuased by stress to avoid predatars, turns chemical engery into light
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