modern
According to Scottish definition, what is one criterion for a serious assault related to hospital treatment?
Requires hospital inpatient treatment
According to Labelling Theory, what is an increased likelihood for individuals officially labelled as 'criminal'?
Further offending
Each homicide is estimated to affect how many close relatives?
7–10 close relatives
Young people under what age are usually dealt with through the Children's Hearing System in Scotland?
16
According to research mentioned in the notes, what is one reason why one-third of people avoid certain public places?
Anti-social behaviour
Which historical figure's biological theories of crime are now discredited?
Cesare Lombroso
A central element of a fair trial is the presumption of innocence. What does this principle mean for individuals accused of a crime?
Individuals are considered innocent until proven guilty
Name two examples of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).
Neglect, abuse, domestic violence, parental mental illness, substance misuse, family breakdown, or parental imprisonment
Name two ways family breakdown can manifest, as described in the notes.
Parental separation or divorce, bereavement, parental imprisonment, or unstable or conflict-ridden home environments
Which Scottish Act in 2014 improved victims' legal recognition?
The Victims and Witnesses (Scotland) Act
In Scotland, men account for approximately how many out of six convictions?
5 out of 6
What was the name of the Act that established Legal Aid in 1949?
The Legal Aid and Advice Act
The Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced to bring which international convention into UK law?
The European Convention on Human Rights
What is the full name of the orders given to some prisoners serving long sentences, allowing for long-term control and supervision (OLRs)?
Orders for Lifelong Restriction
In the context of these notes, how is poverty primarily defined?
Lack of sufficient income and resources
Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad aims of the UK penal system?
To financially compensate victims
The right to legal representation is closely linked to which Article of the ECHR?
Article 6
According to the Scottish Crime and Justice Survey, what percentage of violent crimes involved alcohol?
37%
What was the total direct justice spending in Scotland for 2024–25?
£4.023 billion
Estimates suggest crime costs the UK economy approximately how much per year?
£250 billion
What is the primary aim of a Drug Treatment and Testing Order (DTTO)?
To reduce drug misuse and related offending
What is the primary purpose of a Victim Personal Statement (VPS)?
To explain the emotional, physical, and financial impact of crime
According to the ONS 2022, victims of crime were how many times more likely to suffer from depression compared to non-victims?
Twice as likely
What term do some researchers use to describe the mental health challenges experienced by prisoners, similar to PTSD?
Post-Incarceration Syndrome
How do criminologists describe the relationship between age and crime rates?
An age-crime curve
What was the reconviction rate for all custodial sentences in Scotland in 2022–23?
31.5%
The Human Rights Act (HRA) makes it a legal requirement for which entities to act in a way that respects human rights?
All public authorities
What percentage of prisoners in Scotland have a long-term mental health condition?
15.5%
The right to a fair trial is protected by which Article of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)?
Article 6
In Scotland, what is the term for the measure used to assess deprivation?
Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
After which major historical event was the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) created to prevent abuses like torture and unfair trials?
World War II
After the Metropolitan Police, which is the second largest police force in the UK, responsible for policing the whole of Scotland?
Police Scotland
What was the approximate successful completion rate for Community Payback Orders (CPOs) in Scotland?
73%
Electronic monitoring for a Restriction of Liberty Order (RLO) costs around £3,000–£4,000 per person per year. How does this compare to the cost of imprisonment per year?
Significantly lower than imprisonment
In 2023-24, what percentage of children in Scotland were reported to be in relative poverty, according to the notes?
22%