Ab Psych
attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause.
One-Dimensional
it implies that any particular influence contributing to psychopathology.
Multidimensional Models
classic, operant or any other behavior evoking conditioning.
Behavioral Influences
brain and the chemicals.
Biological Influences
affect physiological responses such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration.Changed the way people thought about situations involving traumatic incidence and motivated them to behave in ways they didn't want to.
Emotional Influences
Social and cultural factors make direct contributions to biology and behavior such as rejection, and anxiety of the person to the society around him/her.
Social Influences
One more influence affects us all-the passage of time. As time passes, many things about ourselves and our environments change in important ways, causing us to react differently at different ages.
developmental influences
when we are more or less reactive to a given situation or influence than at other times.
developmental critical period
A condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder.
Diatheses-Stress Model
genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability.
The Gene-Environment Correlation Model
genes are turned on or off by cellular material that is located just outside of the genome and that stress, nutrition, or other factors can affect this epigenome, which is then immediately passed down to the next generation.
Epigenetics and the Nongenomic Inheritance of Behavior
Processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary.
Central Nervous System
(part of CNS) Facilitate the sending of messages to and from the brain. Most complex organ in the body.
Spinal Cord
(part of CNS) control every thought and action.
Neurons
An average of _______ nerve is found in the brain.
140 billion
(part of CNS) Passive cells that merely served to connect and insulate neurons. Serve to modulate neurotransmitter activity.
Glia or Glial Cells
(part of neurons) have numerous receptors that receive messages in the form of chemical impulses from other nerve cells, which are converted into electrical impulses.
Dendrites
(part of neurons) transmits impulses to other neurons.
Axon
(part of neurons) space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Synaptic cleft
biochemicals that are released from the axon and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron.
Neurotransmitters
(structure of the brain) Regulates many automatic activities. Lowest part of brain stem.
Hindbrain
(structure of the brain) controls motor coordination. may be associated with the psychological disorder autism.
Cerebellum
(structure of the brain) "bridge", body movement, respiration, attention, sleep, arousal.
Pons
(structure of the brain) Oblong area; heartbeat and respiration; sleeping, sneezing, coughing.
Medulla
(structure of the brain) coordinates movement with sensory input.
Midbrain
(structure of the brain) Contributes to processes of arousal and tension, such as where we are awake or asleep.
Reticular activating system
(forebrain) involved broadly with regulating behavior and emotion. Located at the top of the brain stem.
Thalamus and hypothalamus
(forebrain) means border, it is located around the edge of the center of the brain. Also involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst.
Limbic system
(forebrain) include the caudate (tailed) nucleus, control motor activity. Damage to this make us change our posture or twitch or shake. (stroke)
Basal Ganglia
(forebrain) largest part, contains more than 80% of all neurons in CNS. provides us with our distinctly human qualities, allowing us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create.
Cerebral Cortex
The front (or anterior) of the frontal lobe, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory.
Prefrontal Cortex
(endocrine system) produce epinephrine (also called adrenaline) in response to stress.
Adrenal glands
interdisciplinary area of research that nervous system and endocrine system both play roles in treating psychological disorder.
Psychoneuroendocrinology
_____ connects to the adjacent pituitary gland, stimulate the cortical part of the adrenal glands, then surges of epinephrine tend to energize us, arouse us, and get our bodies ready for threat or challenge.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
brain circuits. Two types of ______ : Monoamines and Amino Acids.
Neurotransmitters
instability, impulsivity, and the tendency to overreact to situations, aggression and, excessive sexual behavior and suicidal and Depression.
Low Serotonin
an inhibitory neurotransmitter. To inhibit (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials. Reduces postsynaptic activity. Best-known effect is to reduce anxiety, reduce overall arousal somewhat and to temper our emotional responses.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
makes it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to the receptors of specialized neurons. (makes you calmer).
Benzodiazepines
a dopamine agonist (increases levels of dopamine). has been successful in reducing some of motor disabilities.
L-dopa
the role of the nervous system, behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional influences, social and interpersonal influences, and developmental factors.
Multidimensional integrative approach
(cerebral cortex) responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes.
Left Hemisphere
(cerebral cortex) responsible fro perceiving the world around us and creating images.
Right Hemisphere
(hemisphere) responsible for recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage.
Temporal lobe
(hemisphere) responsible for recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning
Parietal lobe
(hemisphere) responsible for integrating and making sense of various visual inputs.
Occipital lobe
(hemisphere) synthesizes all information received from other parts of the brain and decides how to respond. It is what enables us to relate to the world around us and the people in it-to behave as social animals.
Frontal lobe
coordinates with the brain stem to make sure the body is working properly.
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) controls the muscles.
Somatic nervous system
(PNS) regulate the cardiovascular system (the heart and blood vessels and the endocrine system) perform various other function, including aiding digestion and regulating body temperature.
Autonomic nervous system
(ANS) mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by rapidly activating the organs and glands under its control.
Sympathetic nervous system
(ANS) To balance the sympathetic system. Normalizing our arousal and facilitating the storage of energy by helping the digestive process.
Parasympathetic nervous system
produces its own chemical messenger, called a hormone, and releases it directly into the bloodstream. May play a role in depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and other disorders.
Endocrine System
(ES) produces thyroxine, in which facilitates energy metabolism and growth. Handles salt in body.
Thyroid gland
(ES) master gland that produces a variety of regulatory hormones.
Pituitary gland
(ES) produce sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
Gonadal gland
(neurotransmitter) effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects.
Agonists
decrease/block, a neurotransmitter.
Antagonists
produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter
Inverse agonists
Process where after a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron.
Reuptake
(amino-acid neurotransmitter) excitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, leading to action, if needed only.
Glutamate
(amino-acid neurotransmitter) increase the amount of glutamate in the body, causing headaches, ringing in the ears, or other physical behavior, mood and particularly the way we process information
Monosodium glutamate
enhances serotonin's effects by preventing it from being absorbed; have been recalled by the FDA for dangerous cardiovascular side effects.
Prozac
"noradrenaline", controls basic bodily functions such as respiration. Influence the emergency reactions or alarm responses.
Norepinephrine
Treatment for insomnia.
High GABA
excessive anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and seizures.
Low GABA
(monoamine neurotransmitter) also termed a catecholamine. Has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorder of addiction.
Dopamine
(monoamine neurotransmitter) enables muscle action,learning, and memory.
Acetylcholine