CHAPTER 5: Memory: Models and Research Methods
What is the process of TRANSFORMING SENSORY DATA into a MENTAL REPRESENTATION?
Example: Turning what you see and hear into something your brain understands.
Encoding
What is the memory stage where you KEEP ENCODED INFORMATION for LATER USE?
Storage
Which process involves PULLING OUT INFORMATION stored in memory?
Retrieval
What type of memory task involves PRODUCING a FACT or WORD FROM MEMORY?
Example: Answering a fill-in-the-blank question.
Recall
What type of task involves IDENTIFYING an ITEM PREVIOUSLY LEARNED?
Example: Choosing Jimmy Fallon as a late-night show host in a MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST.
Recognition
Which recall task REQUIRES REPEATING ITEMS in EXACT ORDER?
Example: Repeating “2-8-7-1-6-4” in the same order.
Serial recall
What recall task allows items to be REPEATED IN ANY ORDER?
Example: Recalling words like “dog, pencil, time” in any sequence.
Free recall
Which task requires you to CONSCIOUSLY remember information?
Example: Answering the question “Who wrote Hamlet?”
Explicit-memory task
Which task focuses on RECALLING FACTS?
Example: Remembering your first name. or your besfriend name
Declarative knowledge task
Which type of task involves IDENTIFYING ITEMS you RECENTLY LEARNED?
Example: Selecting “mnemonists” from a list when asked about people with exceptional memory.
Recognition task
What type of task draws on memory WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS?
Example: Completing the word fragment e_or as “memory.”
Implicit memory task
Which task measures “KNOWING-HOW” skills?
Example: Riding a bicycle or solving a puzzle.
Procedural knowledge task
What is required in a FREE-RECALL TASK?
Repeat items in any order
Which task INVOLVES PRIMING to complete word FRAGMENTS?
Example: Completing e_or as “memory” after seeing the word earlier.
Implicit memory task
What task asks you to remember EXACT ORDER in a list?
Example: Repeating “Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert, David Letterman” in order.
Serial recall task
What task involves REMEMBERING MOTOR SKILLS or BEHAVIORS?
Example: Demonstrating how to skate or solve a puzzle.
Procedural knowledge task
Which memory operation involves TRANSFORMING SENSORY input into USABLE DATA?
Example: Turning what you read into something understandable for your brain.
Encoding
What is CUED RECALL?
Example: If shown "Colbert–apple" and cued with "Colbert," you recall "apple."
Recalling items based on a provided cue or pairing.
What is RELEARNING?
Relearning Spanish after studying it in high school.
Learning items again, requiring fewer trials than the first time.
Which task is considered BETTER FOR MEMORY PERFORMANCE?
Recognition
What happens when participants anticipate RECALL TASKS?Example: Studying intensively for a vocabulary recall test rather than a recognition test.
They process information more deeply
What does a RECOGNITION-MEMORY TASK TEST?
Receptive knowledge
What does a RECALL-MEMORY TASK require?
Example: Producing answers like listing items from memory.
Expressive knowledge
What is the key DIFFERENCE between RECALL and RECOGNITION TASKS?
Recognition involves stimuli and identifying previous exposure, while recall involves producing an answer.
What are the THREE main types of RECALL TASKS are used in experiments
Serial recall
Free recall
Cued recall
What is EXPLICIT memory?
Example: Recognizing a word or recalling a picture from a previous list.
Conscious recollection of facts, words, or pictures.
What is the PRIMING EFFECT?
Facilitating memory tasks with previous exposure.
What is IMPLICIT memory?
Using memory without realizing it.
What is PROCEDURAL MEMORY?
Example: Remembering how to ride a bike or drive a car.
Memory for how to perform tasks and activities.
What is tested in the ROTARY PURSUIT TASK?
Example: Following a small spinning disk with a stylus.
Procedural memory for tracking a spinning disk.
What happens in the mirror-tracing task?
Participants trace a shape by looking at a mirror.
What does the PROCESS-DISSOCIATION MODEL suggest?
Implicit and explicit memory work together in most responses.
What is a WORD-COMPLETION TASK?
A task to complete fragments of words based on memory.
Why are IMPLICIT and EXPLICIT MEMORY important?
Both play a key role in everyday intelligence and tasks.
What is the SENSORY STORE in memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model?
A temporary storage of information for very brief periods.
What example demonstrates the SENSORY STORE?
Seeing your name briefly when you write it with a sparkler in the dark.
What are the THREE TYPES OF MEMORY STORES in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model?
Sensory store, short-term store, long-term store.
What is the main finding of SPERLING’S PARTIAL-REPORT procedure?
Participants could recall about 9 symbols if cued immediately.
What is an example of the PARTIAL-REPORT PROCEDURE in Sperling’s study?
Reporting only one row of a display based on a tone cue.
According to SPERLING, how many ITEMS can the SENSORY STORE HOLD briefly?
Around 9 items.
Why do we NOT NOTICE THE FADING of INFORMATION in the SENSORY STORE?
We see iconic memory as part of the environment
What is the ICONIC MEMORY?
Example: Iconic memory allows you to briefly remember a flashing image on a screen even after it disappears.
A part of sensory memory that holds visual information for very short periods.
What is BACKWARD VISUAL MASKING?
Example: When "F" is quickly followed by "L" at the same spot, it may appear as "E."
The mental erasure of a visual image caused by a new image appearing in the same position.
What is the estimated CAPACITY of SHORT-TERM MEMORY?
Example: Remembering a phone number by grouping the digits into smaller chunks, like "123-456-789."
7 items, plus or minus 2, depending on chunking.
How does CHUNKING help in SHORT-TERM MEMORY?
It combines small items into meaningful groups to improve memory retention.
What is the PERMASTORE EFFECT?
Example: Remembering your high school classmates’ names even after 25 years.
Very long-term storage of information, often retained for decades.
What type of memory is associated with STORING INFORMATION INDEFINITELY?
Long-term memory.
The LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING (LOP) model suggests that memory does not have separate stores but instead varies along a CONTINUOUS DIMENSION of:
Depth of encoding
According to the LOP framework, DEEPER LEVELS of PROCESSING result in:
Higher recall of items
What level of processing is being used in the following example?
Word: TABLE
Question: Is the word written in CAPITAL letters?
Physical
Which level of processing involves SOUND COMBINATIONS, such as RHYMING?
Phonological
What type of processing occurs when participants RELATE WORDS to THEMSELVES, as in the SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT?
Semantic processing
In Burgess and Weaver’s study on NONVERBAL STIMULI, DEEPER PROCESSING of FACES resulted in:
Better recognition
Which of the following is an example of?
Word: DAFFODIL
Question: Is the word a type of plant?
Semantic processing
What is the main DIFFERENCE between WORKING MEMORY and SHORT-TERM MEMORY?
Working memory manipulates information, while short-term memory only stores it.
In the WORKING-MEMORY MODEL, why can we remember MORE WORDS when they form a MEANINGFUL sentence?
Long-term memory supports working memory.
Which of the following is the main idea of the WORKING-MEMORY MODEL?
Working memory is a part of long-term memory where active information is stored temporarily.
What does the VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD do in working memory?
It briefly holds visual and spatial information like pictures or puzzles.
What happens during ARTICULATORY SUPPRESSION?
Subvocal rehearsal is blocked, making it harder to remember words.
Which is an example of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP?
Repeating the number five while trying to memorize a list of words.
What is the role of the CENTRAL EXECUTIVE in working memory?
To decide how to allocate attention between tasks.
How does LONG-TERM BILINGUALISM affect the central executive?
It strengthens its efficiency by improving control over interference.
What is the purpose of the EPISODIC BUFFER in the working-memory model?
To integrate information from long-term memory, visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop.
In the TRADITIONAL THREE-STORE View, how does information flow between memory types?
Information moves directly from long-term memory to short-term memory and back.
What is an example of the VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD in action?
Visualizing your friend's face while solving a puzzle.
What is the “WORD LENGTH EFFECT” in the phonological loop?
We can remember fewer longer words because they take more time to rehearse.
Which brain imaging method has helped distinguish WORKING MEMORY (WM) from LONG-TERM MEMORY (LTM)?
PET
Which part of the brain is most involved in VISUOSPATIAL WORKING MEMORY TASKS?
Occipital cortex
In working memory, the FUSIFORM GYRUS (FFA) ACTIVATES when REMEMBERING what?
Faces
Which BRAIN REGION is primarily associated with the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP?
Left temporal lobe
What type of task involves REMEMBERING an ITEM AFTER a RETENTION INTERVAL?
Retention-delay task
What is the primary ROLE of the CENTRAL EXECUTIVE in working memory?
Allocating cognitive resources
Which EXPLICIT MEMORY system is TIME-REFERENCED?
Episodic memory
In CONNECTIONIST MODELS, how is KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTED?
In neural nodes and their connections
What DISTINGUISHES the CONNECTIONIST MODEL from SERIAL PROCESSING?
Connectionist models process information in parallel
What is RETROGRADE AMNESIA?
Loss of memory for events that occurred before a traumatic event.
What was H.M.'s condition after his surgery?
He suffered from anterograde amnesia.
Which of the following is an example of INFANTILE AMNESIA?
Inability to remember events that occurred when we were very young.
What is a common symptom of ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Progressive memory loss and dementia.
What happens to the brain in ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
The hippocampus and frontal regions shrink
What is the role of PLAQUES in ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
They are protein deposits found outside nerve cells.
Which DRUG is commonly used to SLOW the PROGRESSION of ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Donepezil (Aricept)
What is the typical FIRST SIGN of ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Impairment of episodic memory